Ntshiv Cov Hmoov Tsis Zoo, mas muaj linoged tooj liab, yog lub caij hlau. Tooj liab yog hlau muag. Thaum lub nplaim tsuas yog txiav, nws yog liab txiv kab ntxwv nrog nws yog xim hlau luster, thiab cov tshuaj yooj yim yog xim liab. Nws muaj cov qauv siv tau zoo, siab thermal conductivity thiab conductivity, yog li nws yog feem ntau siv cov khoom siv hauv cov xaim thiab hluav taws xob. Nws kuj tseem siv tau ua cov ntaub ntawv tsim tsev thiab tuaj yeem tsim ntau yam alloys. Tooj liab alloys muaj cov tshuab ua haujlwm zoo heev thiab tsis muaj nqi, ntawm cov bronze thiab tooj dag yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Ib qho ntxiv, tooj liab kuj yog cov hlau ruaj ruaj, uas tuaj yeem ua tau ntau zaus yam tsis ua rau nws cov khoom siv tshuab. Nws yog qhov tsis {- ferrous hlau uas muaj kev sib raug zoo heev nrog tib neeg. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov hluav taws xob, lub teeb kev lag luam, machinery manufacturing, kev tsim kho, kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb thiab lwm thaj chaw. Nws yog thib ob tsuas yog kom aluminium nyob rau hauv kev noj ntawm tsis - cov ntaub ntawv ferrous hauv Suav teb.
|
Tshuaj Cov Qauv |
CU |
|
Muaj pes tsawg leej |
64 |
|
Molecular hnyav |
64 |
|
m/z |
63 (100.0%), 65 (44.6%) |
|
Kev Ntsuam Xyuas |
Cu, 100.00 |
Tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom ntawm tooj liab:
1. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog oxygen: tooj yog ib qho khoom siv hnyav, uas tsis sib txuas nrog oxygen hauv cov cua qhuav ntawm chav sov. Thaum rhuab, nws tuaj yeem tsim tooj liab liab oxide:
Yog tias nws txuas ntxiv mus hlawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias heev, liab cu2o yuav tsim tawm:
2. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog huab cua (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog O2, H2O, tom qab ua cov xim liab rau lub sijhawm ntev (Basy Tooj Liab Carbonate) yuav maj mam tsim ntawm tooj liab. Tooj liab ntsuab tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kom tiv thaiv ntxiv ntawm cov hlau, thiab nws muaj pes tsawg leeg yog cov sib txawv.
3. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog Halogen:Ntshiv Cov Hmoov Tsis Zootuaj yeem sib txuas nrog cov chlorine nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv kev mob siab.
4. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov leej faj: thaum rhuab, tooj yog sulfur los ua cov sulfia sulfide (cu2s):
5. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ferric chloride daws: Hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob, FECL3 feem ntau siv los ua etch tooj liab los tsim cov khoom lag luam luam tawm. Kev sib luag:
6. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog acid: tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog huab cua thiab dilute acid. Nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm ua ntu zus (hlau kev ua ntu zus), cov pab pawg tooj liab ua qab hydrogen, yog li lawv tsis tuaj yeem hloov hydrogen hauv dilute acid. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov huab cua, tooj liab tuaj yeem yog oxidized tooj liab oxide ua ntej, ces hnov cov kua qaub, thiab tom qab ntawd maj mam yaj nyob rau hauv cov dilute dilute. Saib cov kab sib luag hauv qab no:
7. Rov qab nrog oxidizing acids: Tooj liab yuav yog oxidized thiab yaj los ntawm oxidizing cov kua qaub thiab cov pa roj sulfuric (cua sov xav tau):
8. CATALSTSt: tooj liab tuaj yeem ua raws li kev ua yeeb yam rau qee cov organic, xws li catalytic oxidation ntawm dej cawv:
Y - duab tshav pettrial: bi hlau ntsev yog txo kom cov hlau ua kom qis hauv y- pay. Y - tshav ray ua rau cov tshuaj xob hluav taws xob daws cov hluav taws xob, uas tuaj yeem txo cov kab hlau, txo lawv txoj kev, thiab tsim cov ntawv hlau los ntawm nucleation thiab kev loj hlob. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo: Nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov kub niaj hnub thiab kev tiv thaiv tau tiv thaiv particle agglomeration, thiab tuaj yeem tsim tawm ntawm lub ntsuas loj
Txoj kev electrolytic: cov electrolyte siv nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm tooj liab hmoov yog CUSO nrog tus nqi tsim nyog ntawm H, yog li. Kev daws teeb meem, lub anode yog cov hlau tshuab tooj liab ntshiab, thiab cov Cathode nto yog titanium alloy. Thaum cov tam sim no yog thov, cu 2+ txav mus rau cathode thiab txo thiab tso nyiaj rau nws nto. Kev co ultrasonic ua rau cov khoom siv hlau tso tawm sai sai thiab muab ncua hauv cov khoom siv me me, uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev sib txuam thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus. Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev npaj tooj liab hmoov los ntawm electrolysis {}}}}}}} {{10} {10} {10}-> kuaj. Cov txheej txheem uas yuav tsum muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem Etrolysis muaj ions thiab ion ntom ntom, cov hmoov ntxiv, hluav taws xob kub, thiab lwm yam.
Ntshiv Cov Hmoov Tsis Zoo, raws li ib qho ntawm cov feem ntxov uas siv los ntawm tib neeg, ib txwm tuav txoj haujlwm hauv nruab nrab vim nws txoj kev ua tau zoo, thermal conductivity, deej, thiab corrosion tsis kam. Los ntawm cov pyramids ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Iyi cov lus qhia txog kev ua kom zoo nkauj niaj hnub no, los ntawm cov qauv tooj liab tau nkag rau hauv kev lag luam tshiab, thev naus laus zis, lub neej, kev kho mob, thiab lwm yam.
Tooj liab yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev sib kis lub zog thiab kev hloov pauv thib ob tsuas yog rau nyiaj, tab sis nws cov nyiaj, ua rau nws nyiam tshaj plaws rau ntiaj teb hluav taws xob.
1. Hwj chim Daim Ntawv Cog Lus
Ntau tshaj li 90% ntawm lub ntiaj teb huab cua ultra - huab cua hluav taws xob siab hloov cov kab lossis tooj liab alloy. Nyob rau hauv Suav Teb Chaws ultra- huab voltage loj centering, txog 8 tons ntawm cov kab mob tooj liab, ua kom muaj kev poob zoo rau 0.05% / 100km. Hauv tshav pob ntawm cov hloov pauv, kev siv cov tooj liab windings txhim kho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib npaug nrog rau lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm peb peb gorges fais fab nyob txhua xyoo.
2. Kev Tawm Tsam Tshiab Zog
Kev lag luam photovoltaic: cov nyiaj muab tshuaj txhuam Monocrystalline Silicon solar hlwb muaj 60% tooj liab, thiab tooj liab raws cov nplaum txhim kho ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm 15%.
Los ntawm 2025, lub ntiaj teb teeb tsa ntawm photovoltaits yuav tshaj 5000gw, tsav tsheb 300000 nce rau hauv kev thov tooj liab.
Hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov hluav taws xob cua, cov nplais sab hauv ntawm ntug cores, uas muaj 5 zaug siab dua corrosion, uas muaj 5 lub neej txuas ntxiv ntawm 25 xyoos. Cua tshuab cua nrog ib lub peev xwm ntawm 15mw yuav tsum tau 40 tons ntawm tooj liab cov khoom, uas yog 300% ntau dua li tus qauv 5mw.
Lub zog cia khoom: Ntxiv cov tooj liab nanoparticles rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo ntawm cov roj teeb li 8000 zaug thiab lub zog ntom rau 350Wh / kg. Tesla Megapack Lub Zog Cia Lub Zog muaj cov ntsiab lus tooj liab ntawm 2.8 tons rau ib chav, ua rau lub ntiaj teb tooj liab kev siv lub chaw nres tsheb.
Los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke rau quantum xam, tooj liab cov ntawv thov hauv cov khoom hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv mus thawb cov kev txwv ntawm physics.
1. Semiconductor Raug
Kev Sib Koom Tes Technology: Hauv 45nm cov txheej txheem chips, qhov tsis kam ntawm tooj liab interconnns yog txo kom tau 40% piv rau txhuas, thiab lub teeb liab sib kis tau txo qis los ntawm 30%. TSMC's 3nm Txheej txheem adopts Selix-}}}} cov tshuab tooj liab sib txawv ntawm ib qho kev tswj hwm ib qho kev tswj hwm hauv 2nm.
Ntim khoom: Hauv cov xov tooj nrov ntim, tooj liab Piller Pump Technology nce ntxiv rau 10000 / hli ², uas yog 10 zaug siab dua li cov khoom ua si Tin Luas. Intel Xeon Processors Siv CigPer Graphene Composite Rhuav cua sov nrog 1800W / (ME (MIN.
2. Quantum xam
Lub IBM Quantum Computer "Osprey" siv superconducting niobium chev, tab sis 90% ntawm cov xov tooj kub tsis muaj tsawg dua 1 × 1073 degree. Nyob rau hauv Google "Sycamore" processor, tus tooj liab raws cov chaw resonant thaj tsam 99.9999 lub cim kev ncaj ncees.
Tooj liab ua si lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom nruj thiab kev hloov hluav taws xob ntawm cov tsheb thauj mus los.
1. Lub Tsheb Tshiab
Lub cev muaj zog: Tesla Qauv 3 tas mus li Magricet synchronous lub cev muaj zog cop tshuab, uas tau txhim kho qhov hnyav los ntawm 15% piv rau cov khoom siv asynchronous. Nyob rau yim yim hauv ib lub hluav taws xob tsav lub system ntawm byd e- lub platform 3.0, tus tooj liab tiaj tus nqi nce mus txog rau 6kW / kg.
Them cov chaw: Lub ntiaj teb thawj 800v high - voltage ceev them rau cov nyiaj alloy, uas muaj lub neej kom ntev dua li ib lab lub sijhawm. Cov ntsiab lus tooj liab ntawm ib tus tesla v4 supercharging pawg ncav cuag 45kg, nce ntawm 20% piv rau v3 version.
2. AERPRACE
Cov Cheebtsam cov khoom sib xyaw: Cov Ge9x Turnbine Cov Hluav Taws Xob yog ua los ntawm tooj liab los ntawm 1150 degree, uas yog 50℃dua li cov khoom siv tiam dhau los. Cov roj hluav taws xob piping ntawm Airbus A350xwB yog ua los ntawm titanium tooj liab composite cov khoom siv, uas muaj 10 zaug siab dua corrosion tsis kam duaNtshiv Cov Hmoov Tsis Zoothiab txo qhov hnyav los ntawm 40%.
Kev siv tshuab satellite: lub satellite siv tooj liab Niobium titennes, nrog deformation rov qab rov qab los ntawm -180℃mus txog 120 degree, ua kom muaj kev sib kis pom tseeb.
Cov huab cua tiv thaiv thiab aesthetic tus nqi ntawm tooj liab ua nws cov khoom nyob mus ib txhis hauv kev ua liaj ua teb.
1. Landmark Lub Tsev
Shanghai Chaw Tsim Tsa: Phab Ntsa Sab Nrig Ua Rau Tooj Liab Zinc Alloy Phaj, uas tau tsim ib qho tshwj xeeb "tooj liab ntsuab" Txheej ntsuab "tiv thaiv cov tshuaj oxidation tom qab 15 xyoo ntawm cov oxidation. Qhov kev xav tau cuam tshuam tau nqis los ntawm 85% txog 60%, paub txog kev sib sau ntawm lub tsev kev txuag hluav taws xob thiab kev ua yeeb yam zoo.
Cov "lub hnab ntim ntawv" ntawm University of Technology Tedney: lub teeb liab sab nrauv, thiab cov duab ntxoov ntxoo loj yog tsim los ntawm cov qauv tsim qauv. Lub teeb pom kev zoo sab hauv tsev ntuj tsim tau nce 40%, thiab nws tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj platinum.
2. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam
Tooj liab Cheebtsam ntawm Palace Tsev khaws puav pheej Cov Khw Muag Khoom Noj Khoom Haus Tom qab 300 xyoo, nws tseem tuav 95% kev ncaj ncees.
Louvre Pyramid: Tus qauv tooj liab tsim los ntawm Imi, nrog tus qauv tooj liab uas tau ua raws li ISO 9227 tus qauv, thiab kev txij nkawm ntev ntawm 20 xyoo.
Cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kabmob thiab cov biocompatibility ntawm tooj liab tsav nws cov ntawv thov tshiab hauv kev kho mob teb.
1. Cov Khoom Siv Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv
Tsev Kho Mob Kev Tswj Xyuas Tsev Kho Mob: Lub Tsev Kho Mob Mayo Tebchaws Mayo Tuam Tshoj cov kev pab hauv tsev Ebola kho cov chaw zov me nyuam hauv tebchaws Africa tau muab cov khoom siv khomob alloy tau tswj hwm hauv qab 0.3%.
Textile daim ntawv thov: lub tooj muaj ntaub ntawv tooj liab muaj ib tus nqi Inhibition thiab yog siv los ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm-19 tus mob tshwm sim.
2.0cancer kho
Tooj liab cov tshuaj: cisplatin tooj liab gllex cancister (Cu PT) tuaj yeem ua 30 feem pua cov ntsiab lus siab dua li cov tshuaj kho mob tsoosotheraply.
Nanotechnology: Tooj liab oxide nanoparticles (Cuo NPS) hauv qhov chaw ntsuas kub kom tau qhov kub ntawm 52 Degree Unradiation, ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig tsis meej.
The strength and wear resistance of copper alloys support the development of high-end manufacturing industry.
1. PWM RAUG
Tuag casting pwm: H13 steel substrate spreted spreed nrog tooj liab raws li lub neej ntawm 500 zaug, thov tuag ua ke ntawm lub cev.
Yas pwm: beryllium copper alloy (c17200) muaj lub thermal conductivity ntawm 105W / (MEXH siab dua P20 Pwm Hlau thiab Luv Lub voj voog los ntawm 30%. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov kua txiv appleshone.
2. Kabmob Tshuab
Kev kub ceev cov tsheb ciav hlau qwj pob: siv tooj liab los ntawm 3502 ntawm kev sib txhuam cov kev pabcuam hauv qab 0.002 ntawm kev sib txhuam cov kev pabcuam lub neej los ntawm peb zaug piv rau cov khoom lag luam tsoos hlau khaws cia.
Cua Turbine Main Ncoo Bearings:Ntshiv Cov Hmoov Tsis ZooNickel Alloy Kev Kho Mob Tshuab carburizing Ua rau muaj kev sib cuag neej ntawm cov kabmob muaj zog tshaj 1 × 10 ⁷ RPM, txhawb nqa kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov ntawm 15mW ntug dej hiav txwv cua.
Tooj liab cov khoom pov thawj cov nqi tshwj xeeb hauv kev tswj cov qias neeg thiab cov peev txheej rov ua dua tshiab.
1. Dej Kho Tshuab
Hnyav hlau tshem tawm: Tooj liab Oxide nanoparticles muaj kev tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm ntawm 256mg / g rau cov txhuas e hauv dej, uas yog 10 zaug siab dua cov pa roj carbon ntau dua. Lawv tau siv rau kev tswj cov dej qias neeg uas hlau muaj kuab paug nyob hauv Yangtze Dej phiab.
PhotocatalyticThaum: Hauv qab pom kev, CU ₂ o / tio ₂ matalization ntawm mineralization tus mob very organic kom ncav cuag 90%, uas yog siv rau lub pas dej Taihu.
2. Khib rov qab ua dua tshiab
Kev loj hlob hauv nroog loj: Tuam Tshoj rov qab siv kwv yees li 2 lab tons ntawm cov tooj liab tsuas yog siv 30 lab tons thiab txo cov pa roj carbon monissions los ntawm 120 lab tons.
Kaw Voop raug: Apple siv Daisy Robots kom tshem tawm Iphones, ua tiav rau cov tooj liab rov ua haujlwm ntawm lub 98%, ua ib qho "tsim qauv siv rov ua dua tshiab" Voj.
Cim npe nrov: Ntshiab Tooj Cov Hmoov Li 7440-50-8, Chaw Tsim Tshuaj, Chaw Tsim Tshuaj, Hoobkas, Muag Khoom Rhuav, Yuav, Nqe, Loj, Rau Muag