Shaanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd. yog ib qho ntawm cov tuam ntxhab thiab cov muag khoom ntawm pyridoxine hydrochloride hmoov cas 58-56-0 hauv Suav teb. Txais tos rau cov lag luam wholesale zoo siab pyridoxine hydrochloride hmoov cas 58-56-0 muag ntawm no los ntawm peb lub hoobkas. Kev pabcuam zoo thiab tus nqi tsim nyog muaj.
Pyridoxine hydrochloride hmoov, Kuj hu ua vitamin B6, 5-hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridine dimethyl cawv hydrochloride Adermine hydrochloride, Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshuaj lom neeg. Cov tsos mob yog dawb los yog tawm dawb crystalline los yog crystalline hmoov, tsw, nrog ib tug qaub los yog salty saj, maj mam hloov xim thaum raug rau lub teeb. Yooj yim rau yaj hauv dej, me ntsis soluble hauv ethanol thiab acetone, insoluble hauv ether thiab chloroform. Cov tshuaj aqueous muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv me ntsis acidic. Nws yog cov vitamin cawv nrog cov qauv ruaj khov uas tuaj yeem tiv taus cua sov hauv cov kua qaub lossis alkaline daws. Nyob ruaj khov ntawm chav tsev kub thiab siab, yog li nws yuav tsum tau muab ntim rau hauv qhov chaw txias, qhuav thiab khaws cia deb ntawm lub teeb. Nws yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam teb rau cov synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj xws li pyridoxal phosphate thiab lub hlwb rejuvenation, thiab plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm tej yam kab mob. Nws tseem tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom noj khoom haus ntxiv, uas tuaj yeem txhawb cov metabolism ntawm cov amino acids hauv cov tsiaj thiab txhim kho kev siv tus nqi pub. Nws kuj yog siv los txhim kho cov dej haus, cov khoom noj me nyuam mos thiab cov me nyuam me, thiab hloov cov mis hmoov kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov zaub mov. Nws kuj yog siv los ua UV absorber hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, nrog rau ntau yam kev siv.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv ntawm chemical compound:
|
Tshuaj Formula |
C8H12ClNO3 |
|
Exact Mass |
205.05 |
|
Molecular Luj |
205.64 |
|
m/z |
205.05 (100.0%), 207.05 (32.0%), 206.05 (8.7%), 208.05 (2.8%) |
|
Elemental Analysis |
C, 46,73; H, 5,88; Kuv, 17.24; N, 6,81; Nws, 23.34 |
|
Melting point |
214-215℃(lit.) |
|
Qhov ntom |
1.2784 (zeeg) |
 |
 |
Pyridoxine hydrochloride hmoovyog ib daim ntawv ntawm vitamin B6 nrog ntau yam kev siv. Cov hauv qab no yog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog nws cov kev siv tseem ceeb:
Kev kho cov kab mob: Pyridoxine hydrochloride tuaj yeem siv los kho cov kab mob uas tshwm sim los ntawm vitamin B6 deficiency, xws li neuropathy, dermatitis, anemia, thiab lwm yam. Nws koom nrog ntau yam txheej txheem metabolic hauv lub cev thiab tseem ceeb heev rau kev tswj cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb.
Cov tshuaj pab: Hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, pyridoxine hydrochloride tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv pabcuam rau ntau yam tshuaj, xws li kev sib txuas ntawm pyridoxal phosphate, lub hlwb rejuvenation, thiab lwm yam., txhawm rau txhim kho kev siv tshuaj.
Pub additives
Khoom noj khoom haus Fortification: Raws li kev noj zaub mov zoo, pyridoxine hydrochloride tuaj yeem txhawb cov metabolism ntawm cov amino acids hauv cov tsiaj, txhim kho kev noj zaub mov, thiab yog li txhim kho tsiaj kev loj hlob thiab kev noj qab haus huv.
Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob: Ntxiv qhov tsim nyog ntawm pyridoxine hydrochloride rau pub tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov kab mob hauv cov tsiaj los ntawm vitamin B6 tsis txaus, xws li mob paj hlwb thiab ntshav liab.
Khoom noj khoom haus muaj zog: Pyridoxine hydrochloride tuaj yeem siv los txhim kho cov dej haus, cov khoom noj me nyuam mos thiab cov me nyuam me, thiab hloov cov mis hmoov ntxiv kom cov zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig thiab ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb ntawm tib neeg rau vitamin B6.
Txhim kho saj: Pyridoxine hydrochloride tuaj yeem siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev hauv kev ua zaub mov los txhim kho saj thiab tsw ntawm zaub mov.
Tshuaj pleev ib ce additives
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev saib xyuas tawv nqaij: Pyridoxine hydrochloride muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant thiab moisturizing thiab tuaj yeem ntxiv rau cov tshuaj pleev ib ce los pab txhim kho daim tawv nqaij, txo cov tawv nqaij o thiab dryness.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshav ntuj: Tsis tas li ntawd, pyridoxine hydrochloride tuaj yeem siv los ua UV absorber los pab tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij los ntawm UV puas.
Cov kev mob tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj no yog dab tsi?
Neurological txawv txav
Pyridoxine hydrochloride ntau dhau tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev sib xyaw thiab cov metabolism hauv cov neurotransmitters, ua rau cov tsos mob xws li mob taub hau, kiv taub hau, thiab mob hlwb. Tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam rau lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb kev ua haujlwm, ua rau kev nkag siab tsis zoo thiab kev xav hloov pauv, thiab cov neeg mob tuaj yeem ntsib cov tsos mob xws li tsis muaj kev xav, kev nyuaj siab, lossis kev ntxhov siab. Lub sij hawm ntev siab - noj tshuaj kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau cov hlab ntsha puas tsuaj, xws li kev hnov lus txawv txav lossis loog loog.
Gastrointestinal tsis xis nyob thiab tawv nqaij
Pyridoxine hydrochloride tuaj yeem ua rau mob plab hnyuv mucosal, ua rau cov tsos mob tsis xis nyob xws li xeev siab thiab ntuav.
Tej zaum kuj yuav txo qis qab los noj mov, raws plab, thiab lwm yam mob. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm daim tawv nqaij yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsis haum tshuaj thiab muaj feem xyuam rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob rau qee yam hauv cov tshuaj. Nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsis yog - cov tsos mob dermatitis tshwj xeeb xws li khaus, erythema, thiab urticaria.
Cov ntshav tsis zoo thiab lwm yam kev mob tshwm sim
Pyridoxine hydrochloride hmoovtuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob thiab kev sib txawv ntawm cov pob txha pob txha hematopoietic qia hlwb, ua rau cov kab mob hauv cov ntshav xws li ntshav liab. Kev noj ntau dhau mus ntev kuj tuaj yeem ua rau leukopenia, cuam tshuam rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Kev noj ntau dhau ntawm pyridoxine hydrochloride tuaj yeem ua rau peripheral neuropathy, tshwm sim li loog loog, mob, thiab lwm yam tsos mob. Qee tus neeg mob tuaj yeem tsim cov kab mob hauv cov ntshav xws li thrombocytopenic purpura.
Cov kev ceev faj
Thaum siv pyridoxine hydrochloride, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau ua raws li tus kws kho mob cov lus qhia thiab nruj me ntsis raws li cov tshuaj thiab kev siv. Cov neeg mob uas tau siv pyridoxine hydrochloride ntev ntev yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tsis tu ncua rau cov kev mob tshwm sim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov neeg tshwj xeeb xws li menyuam yaus, cov poj niam cev xeeb tub, thiab cov poj niam lactating. Kev noj zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig feem ntau tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau niaj hnub ntawm vitamin B6, yog li feem ntau, tsis tas yuav ntxiv nrog pyridoxine hydrochloride. Yog tias koj xav tau ntxiv, koj yuav tsum sab laj nrog kws kho mob lossis kws qhia zaub mov kom tau tswv yim ua ntej.
Dab tsi yog cov kev muag khoom rau qhov sib xyaw no?
Pyridoxine hydrochloride hmoov, Nws yog hu ua vitamin B6. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb dej- cov vitamin soluble uas ua haujlwm ua coenzyme rau ntau yam enzymes hauv lub cev, koom nrog ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg biochemical, thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Cov hauv qab no yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog kev muag khoom ntawm qhov sib xyaw no:
Chaw tsim khoom ncaj qha muag
Ntau lub tuam txhab ntawm Pyridoxine hydrochloride muaj lawv tus kheej pawg muag khoom lossis cov vev xaib raug cai uas tuaj yeem muab cov khoom ncaj qha rau cov neeg siv khoom. Cov tuam txhab lag luam no feem ntau muaj qhov ntau lawm thiab muaj peev xwm, thiab tuaj yeem muab siab - cov khoom zoo thiab zoo heev tom qab - kev muag khoom. Cov neeg siv khoom tuaj yeem ua kev yuav khoom los ntawm kev tiv tauj lub khw muag khoom lossis mus saib lawv lub vev xaib raug cai.
Distributors thiab cov neeg sawv cev
Ntxiv rau kev muag khoom ncaj qha los ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim khoom, kuj tseem muaj ntau tus neeg xa khoom thiab cov neeg sawv cev muag Pyridoxine hydrochloride. Cov distributors thiab cov neeg sawv cev no feem ntau koom tes nrog ntau lub tuam txhab, muab ntau yam kev xaiv ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab cov kev xaiv yuav yooj yim dua. Cov neeg siv khoom tuaj yeem tau txais kev yuav khoom los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam rau tus tswv lag luam thiab tus neeg sawv cev, lossis kev sab laj cov kws tshaj lij kev lag luam.
E- lag luam platform
Nrog rau kev txhim kho sai ntawm e- kev lag luam, ntau thiab ntau tus neeg muag khoom ntawm Pyridoxine hydrochloride tau siv e- kev lag luam platform rau kev muag khoom. Cov platforms no feem ntau muab cov txheej txheem kev yuav khoom hauv online yooj yim, cov ntaub ntawv cov khoom lag luam nplua nuj, thiab pob tshab tus nqi. Cov neeg siv khoom tuaj yeem tshawb nrhiav thiab sib piv cov khoom ntawm cov npe sib txawv thiab cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm cov platforms no, thiab xaiv cov phiaj xwm kev yuav khoom uas tsim nyog rau lawv tus kheej.
International Trade thiab Ntshuam / Export Corporation
Rau cov neeg siv khoom uas xav tau ntshuam lossis xa tawm Pyridoxine hydrochloride, kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb thiab ntshuam -cov tuam txhab xa tawm yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev muag khoom. Cov tuam txhab no feem ntau muaj kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb kev lag luam nplua nuj thiab muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm hauv kev pabcuam, uas tuaj yeem muab cov neeg siv khoom nrog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev yuav khoom, kev lis kev cai, kev thauj mus los tom qab - kev muag khoom.
Kev lag luam exhibitions thiab rooj sib tham
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev nthuav qhia kev lag luam thiab cov rooj sib tham tseem yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb kom tau txais kev muag khoom rau Pyridoxine hydrochloride. Ntawm cov rooj sib tham thiab cov rooj sib tham no, cov neeg siv khoom tuaj yeem sib txuas lus ncaj qha rau lub ntsej muag - mus rau - ntsej muag nrog cov tuam txhab, cov neeg muag khoom, cov neeg sawv cev, thiab lwm yam kom kawm txog cov kev txhim kho tshiab, kev nce qib hauv kev lag luam, thiab kev lag luam cov khoom lag luam. Lub caij no, cov rooj sib tham thiab cov rooj sib tham no tseem muab sijhawm rau cov neeg muag khoom los nthuav qhia lawv cov khoom thiab nthuav lawv cov lag luam.
Cov kev ceev faj
Pyridoxine hydrochloride yuav tsum muab khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw kaw, tsaus, siab - kub, thiab qhov chaw txias kom ntseeg tau cov khoom zoo thiab ruaj khov. Lub neej txee ntawm cov khoom los ntawm cov tuam txhab sib txawv tuaj yeem sib txawv, feem ntau 2 xyoos. Thov siv nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm siv tau los xyuas kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov khoom. Txawm hais tias pyridoxine hydrochloride yog ib qho ntawm cov vitamins tseem ceeb rau tib neeg lub cev, kev noj ntau dhau kuj yuav ua rau muaj kev phiv. Yog li ntawd, thaum siv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua raws li cov lus pom zoo ntawm cov lus qhia kho mob lossis cov lus qhia ntawm cov khoom.
Cov txheej txheem tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm Pyridoxine Hydrochloride Powder feem ntau suav nrog cov hom hauv qab no, uas tau siv dav hauv kev tshawb pom purity, kev pom zoo thiab kev txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus, thiab lwm yam.
Purity Detection Methods
High Performance kua Chromatography (HPLC)
Daim Ntawv Thov: HPLC yog ib txoj hauv kev los kuaj xyuas qhov purity ntawm Pyridoxine Hydrochloride Powder. Los ntawm kev xaiv qhov tsim nyog chromatographic kem thiab mobile theem, kev sib cais ntawm Pyridoxine Hydrochloride los ntawm lwm yam impurities tuaj yeem ua tiav, yog li txiav txim siab nws qhov purity.
Nta: HPLC yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib cais siab, kev soj ntsuam ceev ceev thiab siab rhiab heev, thiab tuaj yeem txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus thiab purity ntawm Pyridoxine Hydrochloride.
Ultraviolet spectrophotometer
Daim ntawv thov: Pyridoxine Hydrochloride muaj qhov nqus siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb wavelength, yog li nws tuaj yeem soj ntsuam ntau npaum li cas los ntawm ultraviolet spectrophotometry.
Nta: Txoj kev no yog qhov yooj yim thiab ceev rau kev khiav lag luam, tab sis nws qhov rhiab heev yog qhov tsawg. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau lub sijhawm uas qhov kev xav tau purity tsis yog siab tshwj xeeb.
Cov txheej txheem rau kev lees paub tus qauv
Nuclear magnetic resonance method (NMR)
Daim ntawv thov: NMR tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog cov haujlwm txheeb ze thiab ib puag ncig tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov atoms hauv Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev lees paub nws peb - qauv qauv.
Yam ntxwv: NMR tsis yog -kev puas tsuaj, muaj kev daws teeb meem siab thiab tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv nplua nuj, ua rau nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub meej cov qauv ntawm cov khoom sib txuas. Los ntawm NMR spectra, cov tshuaj hloov pauv ntawm txhua qhov hydrogen thiab carbon atom hauv Pyridoxine Hydrochloride tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas, yog li inferring nws cov qauv molecular.
Infrared spectroscopy (IR)
Daim ntawv thov: IR spectroscopy tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab pab pawg ua haujlwm hauv Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, uas yuav pab tau kom paub meej tias nws cov qauv molecular.
Cov yam ntxwv: Cov qauv no yog qhov yooj yim thiab nrawm rau kev khiav lag luam, thiab tuaj yeem muab cov yam ntxwv nqus cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tebchaw, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev pom zoo ua ntej ntawm cov qauv sib xyaw.
Kev txiav txim siab txog cov ntsiab lus
Hydrogen nuclear sib nqus resonance quantitative method (qNMR)
Daim ntawv thov: qNMR yog ib qho yooj yim thiab ceev cov ntsiab lus txiav txim siab txoj kev uas tsis xav tau cov ntaub ntawv siv. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Pyridoxine Hydrochloride tuaj yeem suav tau sai sai los ntawm cov txheej txheem sab hauv.
Nta: qNMR yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov raug siab thiab zoo rov tsim dua tshiab, thiab nws tsis tas yuav siv cov khoom siv siab huv siab -purity reference. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qis -field nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers tsuas yog haum rau cov tebchaw nrog cov qauv yooj yim. Thaum siab -field nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers tuaj yeem muab cov txiaj ntsig tau tseeb dua, lawv muaj qhov loj me thiab muaj cov nqi kho mob siab.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Detection Method (HPLC{1}}UV)
Daim ntawv thov: Los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov peev txheej ntawm HPLC thiab qhov rhiab heev ntawm UV ntes, cov ntsiab lus ntawm Pyridoxine Hydrochloride tuaj yeem txiav txim siab raug.
Cov yam ntxwv: Cov qauv no muaj kev sib cais ua haujlwm siab, siab rhiab heev thiab zoo rov tsim dua tshiab, thiab yog ib txoj hauv kev siv los txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus.
Tsis yog - aqueous titration method
Daim ntawv thov: Tsis yog -aqueous titration yog ib qho kev txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus classic, haum rau kev txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov organic tebchaw xws li Pyridoxine Hydrochloride.
Nta: Txoj kev no yooj yim rau kev khiav lag luam thiab raug nqi - zoo, tab sis nws yuav tsum muaj kev tswj xyuas meej ntawm titration tej yam kev mob kom ntseeg tau qhov tseeb ntawm cov txiaj ntsig.
Pyridoxine hydrochloride hmoov(C ₈ H ₁ NO ∝ · HCl) yog ib daim ntawv ntawm vitamin B6 thiab ib qho tseem ceeb micronutrient rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu.
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, cov kws tshawb fawb pom tau tias qee yam khoom noj muaj "cofactors" tsim nyog rau kev txhawb nqa lub neej. Xyoo 1926, tus kws tshawb fawb Dutch Christiaan Eijkman (uas tau yeej Nobel nqi zog) tau tshawb pom tias cov nplej ntxhib tuaj yeem tiv thaiv beriberi, qhia tias muaj cov khoom noj tsis paub hauv zaub mov.
Xyoo 1934, Hungarian biochemist Paul Gy ö rgy nrhiav tau ib qho dej -soluble tshuaj uas yuav kho tau cov tawv nqaij mob thaum kawm dermatitis nyob rau hauv nas, thiab hu ua nws "vitamin B6" (thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, cov vitamin B tsev neeg tseem tsis tau subdivided). Qhov kev tshawb pom no yog qhov pib ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm pyridoxine.
Xyoo 1936, Samuel Lepkovsky (University of California, Berkeley) thawj zaug cais cov vitamin B6 los ntawm cov nplej nplej.
Xyoo 1938, Richard Kuhn (Nobel laureate in Chemistry) thiab Karl Wendt nws tus kheej cais cov khoom ntshiab hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab hu nws "Pyridoxine", muab los ntawm nws cov pyridine nplhaib qauv.
Xyoo 1939, Esmond Snell tau tshawb pom tias cov vitamin B6 tsis yog ib yam khoom, tab sis ib tsev neeg uas suav nrog pyridoxine, pyridoxal, thiab pyridoxamine.
Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, Asmeskas cov tub rog tau tshawb pom tias cov tub rog raug mob los ntawm cov tsos mob xws li neuropathy thiab anemia vim kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo, thiab xav tau cov tshuaj vitamin B6 sai sai.
Xyoo 1942, Karl Folkers pab pawg los ntawm Merck Pharmaceuticals thawj zaug tshuaj xyuas cov qauv tshuaj ntawm pyridoxine thiab pom tias nws daim ntawv hydrochloride (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) ruaj khov thiab tsim nyog rau kev tsim khoom.
Xyoo 1945, Harris thiab Folkers tau ua tiav cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke ntawm pyridoxine, tso lub hauv paus rau loj - teev ntau lawm. Nws daim ntawv hydrochloride tau dhau los ua tus qauv vim muaj qhov zoo hauv qab no:
Siab solubility: yooj yim soluble nyob rau hauv dej, haum rau txhaj tshuaj los yog qhov ncauj formulations.
Stability: Ntau resistant rau kub thiab oxidation dua li dawb pyridoxine.
Nyob rau xyoo 1950, BASF hauv Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Hoffmann La Roche hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau ua tiav kev lag luam, txhawb kev siv cov vitamin B6 hauv ntiaj teb cov zaub mov thiab tshuaj.
Pyridoxine hydrochloride hmoov yog cov khoom siv ntau yam thiab tseem ceeb nrog ntau yam kev siv hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, kev noj haus, zaub mov, thiab kev lag luam tshuaj pleev ib ce. Nws cov khoom siv tshuaj, xws li dej siab - solubility thiab stability, ua rau nws haum rau ntau yam formulations. Lub cev ua haujlwm ntawm pyridoxine hydrochloride, suav nrog nws lub luag haujlwm hauv amino acid metabolism, heme synthesis, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb, thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob, qhia txog nws qhov tseem ceeb rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Thaum nws feem ntau muaj kev nyab xeeb thaum noj nyob rau hauv qhov kev pom zoo ntau npaum li cas, siab - koob tshuaj ntxiv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij thiab kev cuam tshuam tshuaj. Raws li qhov kev thov rau cov vitamin B6 txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv, kev ua lag luam rau pyridoxine hydrochloride hmoov yuav tsum nthuav dav, uas tau tsav los ntawm kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis thiab nce kev paub txog nws cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv.
Cim npe nrov: pyridoxine hydrochloride hmoov cas 58-56-0, lwm tus neeg, manufacturers, hoobkas, lag luam wholesale, yuav, nqe, tej, kev muag khoom