Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP) CAS 84-74-2
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Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP) CAS 84-74-2

Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP) CAS 84-74-2

Khoom siv: BM-2-6-009
Lub npe Askiv: Dibutyl Phthalate
CAS Nr .: 84-74-2
Cov mis mos molecular: c16h22o4
Molecular Luj: 278.34
EINECS No.: 201-557-4
Hs code: 29171390
Analysis items: HPLC>99.0%, LC-MS
Kev lag luam tseem ceeb: Tebchaws Asmeskas, Australia, Brazil, Nyiv, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Indonesia, UK, New Zealand, Canada, thiab lwm yam.
Chaw tsim tshuaj paus: BLOOM TECH Changzhou Hoobkas
Kev Pabcuam Technology: R&D Dept.-4

 

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), ib qho organic compound, yog xim tsis muaj xim thiab pob tshab oily kua nrog me ntsis aromatic aroma. Nws yog soluble nyob rau hauv cov organic solvents thiab hydrocarbons; Ntawm 25 degree, solubility hauv dej yog 0.03%, thiab solubility hauv dej yog 0.4%. Nws yog me ntsis soluble hauv dej thiab yooj yim soluble hauv cawv, ethers, acetone, thiab benzene. Cov tshuaj formula yog c16h22o4, CAS 84-74-2. Nws yog npaj los ntawm esterification cov tshuaj tiv thaiv siv phthalic acid thiab n-butanol ua raw khoom raws li kev ua ntawm sulfuric acid catalyst. Thaum lub sij hawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los tswj qhov kub thiab pH tus nqi los xyuas kom meej qhov kev vam meej ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv esterification tiav, cov tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam n-butanol thiab dej yog distilled kom tau crude dibutyl phthalate. Cov khoom nyoos muaj qee yam impurities xws li kua qaub, cawv, dej, thiab lwm yam, uas yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo dua ntxiv. Feem ntau, kev ntxuav, lub cev qhuav dej, distillation thiab lwm txoj hauv kev yog siv kom tau txais cov khoom siv high-purity dibutyl phthalate. Raws li ib tug plasticizer, nws muaj zog solubility rau ntau yam resins. Feem ntau yog siv rau kev ua PVC, nws tuaj yeem muab cov khoom lag luam nrog kev yooj yim. Vim nws tus nqi qis thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo, nws tau siv dav hauv Suav teb, yuav luag sib npaug rau DOP. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj kev kub ntxhov siab thiab kev tshem tawm dej, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo, thiab nws cov kev siv yuav tsum maj mam txwv. Nws tseem tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov xim, nplaum, tawv hluavtaws, luam ntawv inks, iav kev nyab xeeb, celluloid, dyes, tshuaj tua kab, tshuaj tsw qab, cov roj nplaum, thiab lwm yam.

Product Introduction

Tshuaj Formula

C16H22O4

Exact Mass

278

Molecular Luj

278

m/z

278 (100.0%), 279 (17.3%), 280 (1.4%)

Elemental Analysis

C, 69.04; H, 7.97; O, 22.99

DBP structure | Shaanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd

Melting point -35 ° C (lit.), Boiling point 340 ° C (lit.), Ceev 1.043 g / ml ntawm 25 ° C (lit.), Vapor ceev 9.6 (vs huab cua), Vapor siab 1 mm Hg (147 ° C), Refractive index n20 / d 3.49℃fli 1.49℃(flash point)℃C, Soluble heev hauv cawv, ether, acetone, benzene, Daim ntawv ua kua, Xim apha: Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 10, Specification gravity 1.049 (20/20 degree), txheeb ze polarity 0.272, Explosive limit 0.47%, 236℃f, Dej solubility 0.0013 g / 100 mL, Freezing

Manufacture Information

Hauv kev sim ntawm synthesizingDibutyl phthalate (DBP), phthalic anhydride yog esterified nrog n-butanol los tsim nws. Cov kauj ruam tshwj xeeb yog raws li nram no:

Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP) CAS 84-74-2 factory | Shaanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd

Ntxiv cov tshuaj: muab 7.4 g ntawm phthalic anhydride, 13.7 ml ntawm n-butanol, 3 tee ntawm concentrated sulfuric acid, thiab ob peb zeolites rau hauv peb-chaw nres nkoj hwj; 2. Kev teeb tsa lub cuab yeej: tus pas ntsuas kub yuav tsum tau nruab rau ntawm ib sab ntawm peb -chaw nres nkoj lub hwj, thiab nws lub pob mercury yuav tsum tau txuas mus rau hauv qab cov kua dej. Ib lub tshuab cais dej yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ntawm lub raj mis nruab nrab lub qhov ncauj, lub raj condensing yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ntawm cov dej sib cais, thiab cov hlua sib tsoo yuav tsum muab tso rau ntawm sab nraud . 3. Kev tshwm sim tshwm sim: ua ntej, cua sov nrog hluav taws me me, sib cuam tshuam vibrate kom cov khoom phthalic anhydride ploj, nce qhov voltage, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib tov boils. Muaj cov dej me me ntawm cov dej ntws mus rau hauv cov kua theem ntawm cov dej sib cais los ntawm cov yeeb nkab condenser. Thaum cov txheej txheem dej hauv cov dej sib cais tsis tau nce ntxiv lawm thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub nce mus rau 160 degree, nres cua sov. 4. Tom qab- kho cov khoom: thaum cov reactant txias dua 70 degree, ncuav cov reactant rau hauv qhov sib cais, ntxuav nws ob zaug nrog tib tus nqi ntawm saturated ntsev dej, 5% thiab ntxuav nws nrog sodium carbonate. saturated dej ntsev. Ua ntej, tshem tawm n-butanol los ntawm cov khoom sib cais los ntawm atmospheric distillation, thiab tom qab ntawd sau cov feem ntawm 180 ~ 190℃/ 1.33kpa los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev distillation.

 

Applications

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov organic compound, plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev lag luam xws li yas, roj hmab, txheej, inks, thiab fragrances vim nws cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab kev siv dav.

Kev lag luam yas: Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Plasticizers
 

DBP yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv plasticizers hauv kev ua ntawm polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Cov ester pawg nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv molecular tsim lub cev entanglement nrog PVC molecular chains, txo cov iav hloov kub ntawm cov khoom thiab endowing cov khoom nrog zoo heev yooj, ductility, thiab txias kuj. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov PVC cable sheaths, ntxiv 5% -10% DBP tuaj yeem tswj tau qhov yooj ntawm cov khoom ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm -40 degree, tsis txhob muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm brittle puas. Tsis tas li ntawd, DBP tseem tuaj yeem siv los hloov kho cov ntaub ntawv thermoplastic xws li polyvinyl acetate thiab alkyd resins los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm fluidity thiab nto glossiness ntawm cov khoom tiav.

Technical zoo:

DBP uses | Shaanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd

 

DBP uses | Shaanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd

Tus nqi ua tau zoo: DBP tus nqi tsuas yog 60% ntawm siab -kawg plasticizer diisononyl phthalate (DINP), ua rau nws muaj kev sib tw hauv nruab nrab mus rau qis kawg.
Compatibility: Nws tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog cov khoom siv yas xws li epoxy soybean roj thiab chlorinated paraffin los tsim cov nyhuv synergistic thiab txhim kho cov khoom ua tau zoo.
Cov txheej txheem yoog raws: Haum rau ntau yam txheej txheem molding xws li extrusion, dov, txhaj tshuaj molding, thiab lwm yam, kom tau raws li cov khoom xav tau ntau yam ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab, kav dej, cov ntaub ntawv khau, thiab lwm yam.

 

Kev lag luam cov nyom:
Vim yog lub siab tsis muaj zog thiab dej extractability ntawm DBP, kev siv lub sij hawm ntev - tuaj yeem ua rau txo qis ntawm cov khoom siv. Piv txwv li, sab nraum zoov PVC tarpaulins tuaj yeem muaj DBP kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm 15% -20% hauv qab dej nag, uas cuam tshuam rau lawv lub neej kev pabcuam. Yog li ntawd, kev lag luam tau maj mam txwv nws daim ntawv thov hauv kev xav tau siab xws li ntim khoom noj thiab cov cuab yeej kho mob, thiab hloov kho cov kev hloov pauv qis.

DBP uses | Shaanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd

Roj Hmab kev lag luam: tseem ceeb additives rau kev ua tau zoo optimization

 

DBP uses | Shaanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd

DBP, raws li ib tug softener, tuaj yeem txo qis Mooney viscosity thiab txhim kho kev sib xyaw ua haujlwm hauv kev ua cov roj hmab polar xws li chloroprene roj hmab thiab nitrile roj hmab. Piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv roj hmab nitrile, ntxiv 3% -5% DBP tuaj yeem txo lub sijhawm sib xyaw los ntawm 20%, thaum txhim kho cov khoom tsim kua muag thiab kev ua haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, DBP tseem tuaj yeem ua tus txhawb nqa rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov roj hmab thiab cov hlau, tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab txhim kho cov nplaum nplaum los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm vulcanizing.

Tej kev siv:

Automotive kev lag luam: siv los tsim cov roj hmab cov khoom siv roj hmab xws li cov kav dej thiab cov kav dej nres. DBP cov roj kuj tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev nthuav dav thiab deformation los ntawm cov roj nkag.

 

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob: Hauv txheej rwb thaiv tsev ntawm cov xov hlau thiab cables, qhov qis -kev ua haujlwm kub ntawm DBP ua kom cov khoom siv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ib txwm nyob hauv ib puag ncig ntawm -30 degree.
Nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, raws li ib tug plasticizer rau waterproofing daim nyias nyias, DBP cov huab cua kuj muaj peev xwm ncua cov khoom siv lub neej rau ntau tshaj 15 xyoo.
Technology Trends:
Nrog rau kev txhim kho cov kev cai ib puag ncig, DBP tab tom ntsib kev hloov pauv hauv kev lag luam roj hmab. Piv txwv li, EU REACH txoj cai tau suav nrog DBP nyob rau hauv cov npe ntawm Cov Khoom Muaj Kev Txaus Siab Siab (SVHC), txwv tsis pub siv hauv thaj chaw xws li cov khoom ua si menyuam yaus thiab cov khoom siv kho mob. Kev lag luam tab tom hloov mus rau kev txhim kho bio raws li plasticizers (xws li epoxy soybean methyl oleate) thiab reactive plasticizers (xws li dibutyl maleate) kom ua tiav kev hloov pauv ntsuab.

DBP uses | Shaanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd

Coatings and Ink Industry: Invisible Assistants for Performance Enhancement

 

DBP uses | Shaanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd

Hauv cov txheej txheej nitrocellulose, DBP ua cov yas yas tseem ceeb tuaj yeem txo qhov system viscosity, txhim kho leveling thiab zaj duab xis uniformity. Piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim cov xim ntoo, ntxiv 8% -12% DBP tuaj yeem ua kom lub ntsej muag ci ntawm cov xim pleev xim rau ntau dua 80%, thaum txhim kho nws cov khawb thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, DBP tseem tuaj yeem ua cov khoom siv yas rau alkyd resin coatings, txhim kho kom qhuav nrawm thiab txhim kho hardness.

Ink daim ntawv thov:

Printing ink: Lub solubility ntawm DBP tuaj yeem txhim kho pigment dispersion thiab tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm "ink pile" thaum lub sij hawm luam ntawv. Piv txwv li, ntxiv 5% -7% DBP rau gravure printing number case tuaj yeem ua kom cov xim saturation ntawm cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm los ntawm 15% -20%.

 

Electronic ink: Nyob rau hauv tus cwj mem conductive, lub volatility controllable ntawm DBP ua kom muaj kev sib faib ntawm cov hmoov hmoov thiab txhim khu kev ua tau zoo.
Innovation direction:
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv VOC emission txwv, kev lag luam tab tom tsim cov dej-raws li txheej thiab UV curable number case systems. DBP tuaj yeem hloov pauv cov kuab tshuaj ib nrab thiab ua tiav cov txheej txheem VOC tsawg los ntawm kev hloov kho xws li qhia cov hydroxyl lossis carboxyl pawg. Piv txwv li, DBP acrylate copolymer tsim los ntawm qee lub tuam txhab tuaj yeem txo VOC cov ntsiab lus kom qis dua 50g / L hauv UV kho coatings thaum tuav cov glossiness thiab hardness.

DBP uses | Shaanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd

Fragrance thiab hnyav teb: nthuav daim ntawv thov ntawm multifunctional additives

 

DBP uses | Shaanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd

Tsis tshua muaj volatility thiab zoo solubility ntawm DBP ua rau nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hnyav nyob rau hauv kev lag luam txuj lom. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv fruity essence, DBP muaj peev xwm yaj xws insoluble flavors li vanillin thiab ethyl maltol los tsim ib tug ruaj khov system. Tsis tas li ntawd, DBP tseem tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb xws li tshuaj tua kab, dyes, thiab cov ntaub nplaum. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv tshuaj tua kab emulsions, DBP raws li ib tug co hnyav yuav ua rau kom cov ntsiab lus ntawm active cov khoom xyaw los ntawm ntau tshaj 50%, thaum txhim kho lub wettability ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

 

Technical specifications:
Raws li National Food Safety Standard for the Use of Food Additives (GB 2760-2014), DBP tsuas yog tso cai rau siv los tsim cov khoom ntim khoom noj, thiab qhov nyiaj tsiv teb tsaws yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 0.3mg / kg. Hauv kev lag luam tshuaj tsw qab, International Fragrance Association (IFRA) tau hais tias qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai rau DBP hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce yog 0.1%.

DBP uses | Shaanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd

Development prospects

Artificial tawv, raws li cov khoom yas uas ua raws li cov tawv nqaij, tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub thiab lub neej niaj hnub.Dibutyl phthalate(DBP) plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov yas yas hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tawv hluavtaws. Hauv qab no yog cov lus qhia ntxaws ntxaws rau daim ntawv thov ntawm DBP hauv kev tsim cov tawv hluavtaws:

 
1. Plasticizing nyhuv:

DBP, raws li lub ntsiab plasticizer, tuaj yeem tsim cov tawv tawv nrog kev yooj yim thiab cov yas zoo heev. Los ntawm kev kho qhov ntau npaum li cas ntawm DBP, lub cev muaj zog xws li softness, elasticity, thiab elongation ntawm cov tawv nqaij tuaj yeem tswj tau kom ua tau raws li cov ntawv thov sib txawv.
Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm DBP thiab cov khoom siv hluavtaws tuaj yeem txo cov iav hloov pauv kub ntawm cov resin, tswj kev yooj yim ntawm chav sov, thiab ua kom yooj yim rau kev ua thiab molding.

 
2. Txhim kho kev ua haujlwm:

Hauv kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tawv hluavtaws, DBP tuaj yeem txo cov viscosity ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws, ua rau nws muaj cov dej ntws zoo thiab ua kom yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm xws li txheej thiab kev sib txuas.
DBP tseem tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov adhesion ntawm hluavtaws cob rau cov ntaub ntawv fiber ntau, ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm fibers thiab resin, thiab txhim kho cov khoom siv thiab ua haujlwm ntev ntawm cov tawv hluavtaws.

 
3. Tswj lub cev ua haujlwm:

Los ntawm kev kho qhov sib piv ntawm DBP rau lwm cov khoom siv ntxiv, cov khoom siv lub cev ntawm cov tawv nqaij xws li tuab, qhov hnyav, hardness, thiab hnav tsis kam tuaj yeem tswj tau.
Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm DBP kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov tawv nqaij tawv thiab qhov kub thiab txias tsis kam ntawm cov tawv tawv, ua kom nws muaj kev ua tau zoo hauv cov cheeb tsam nyuaj.

 
4. Optimize cov khoom zoo li:

DBP tuaj yeem sib npaug sib npaug hauv cov khoom siv hluavtaws los tiv thaiv cov resin agglomeration, yog li ua kom lub ntsej muag du thiab xim xim ntawm cov tawv hluavtaws.
DBP tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov nag lossis daus ntawm resin thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis xws li "ntses ob lub qhov muag" thiab "particles", thiab txhim kho kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov khoom.

 
5. Txo cov nqi tsim khoom:

DBP muaj tus nqi zoo dua lwm cov plasticizers thiab tuaj yeem txo tus nqi ntawm cov tawv hluavtaws.
Los ntawm kev tsim qauv tsim qauv thiab kev ua kom zoo dua qub, tus nqi ntawm DBP tuaj yeem txo qis ntxiv thaum tswj cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tawv hluavtaws, ua tiav kev txhim kho dual hauv cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam thiab cov khoom lag luam zoo.

 
6. Synergistic teebmeem nrog rau lwm yam additives:

Hauv kev tsim cov tawv tawv, DBP tuaj yeem siv ua ke nrog lwm cov khoom siv ntxiv xws li muab tub lim, pigments, tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab lwm yam, txhawm rau txhawm rau cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tawv tawv.
Los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab cov xim, DBP tuaj yeem txhim kho cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tawv nqaij, xws li hnav tsis kam, tiv thaiv tshav kub, thiab nplaim taws.

 
7. Teeb meem ib puag ncig thiab kev nyab xeeb:

Txawm hais tias DBP tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov tawv hluavtaws, nrog rau kev paub txog kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, tib neeg tau pib mob siab rau nws cov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig. Yog li ntawd, qee cov tuam txhab lag luam tau cog lus los txhim kho ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg lwm txoj hauv kev kom txo tau lub nra ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm DBP. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv tsim nyog, xws li hnav cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej xws li tsom iav thiab hnab looj tes.

 
8. Kev tsim kho technology thiab kev cia siab:

Nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm thev naus laus zis thiab kev txhim kho ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, kev thov ntawmdibutyl phthalatenyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov hluavtaws tawv yuav ntsib cov kev cov nyom tshiab thiab lub cib fim. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, tib neeg yuav xyuam xim rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lwm txoj hauv kev rau DBP kom ua tiav cov xim ntsuab thiab kev tsim kho kom ruaj khov ntawm cov tawv tawv. Lub caij no, tsis tu ncua kev txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tawv hluavtaws thiab txo cov nqi tsim khoom los ntawm kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis thiab kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem yuav dhau los ua ib qho kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb.

 
Txhua Yam Koj Yuav Tsum Paub
 

Yuav ua li cas tshem phthalates ntawm koj lub cev?

Yog litawm hws tsis tu ncua los ntawm kev tawm dag zog aerobicyog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los pab txo peb lub cev raug phthalates. Kev tawm hws hauv chav chav thiab saunas kuj tseem tuaj yeem pab lub cev detox phthalates, txawm li cas los xij, siv chav chav thiab saunas tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb thaum cev xeeb tub.

Dove deodorant puas muaj phthalates?

Raws li peb tus kheej cov qauv ntawm kev zam phthalates txawm li cas los xij,Peb tsis siv cov phthalates ua cov kuab tshuaj los sib xyaw cov tshuaj tsw qab. Hloov chaw, peb siv ntau txoj hauv kev los ua ke cov khoom xyaw tshuaj tsw qab.

Dab tsi yog dibutyl phthalate siv rau?

Kev piav qhia. Dibutyl phthalate yog ib tug txiv neej- ua tshuaj uas ntxiv rau cov yas thiab lwm yam tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv cov yas nws pab kom lawv mos (lub plasticizer). Nws kuj yog siv rau hauv elastomers, lacquers, explosives, printing inks, resin solvents, naj hoom roj solvents, ntawv coatings, adhesives, thiab ntsia thawv polish.

Vim li cas dibutyl phthalate raug txwv?

Lub Xeev California thiab lwm lub koom haum tso cai tau faib cov tshuaj dibutyl phthalate (DBP) ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab kev loj hlob., thiab European Union txwv tsis pub siv cov khoom xyaw no hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab cov khoom siv tu tus kheej.

Puas yog dibutyl phthalate lom rau tib neeg?

Dibutyl phthalate yog siv los ua cov yas hloov tau yooj yim uas muaj nyob hauv ntau yam khoom siv.Nws zoo nkaus li muaj qhov mob me me (lub sijhawm luv-) thiab mob ntev (ntev-lub sijhawm) toxicity.

Cov khoom twg muaj dibutyl phthalate?

DBP yog siv rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv, suav nrog:Qee cov hlau thiab cable rwb thaiv tsev, hnab looj tes, tubing, lub vaj hoses, khau, thiab cov khoom tu tus kheej, suav nrog qee cov tshuaj tsw qab thiab lwm yam khoom uas muaj cov tshuaj tsw qab, thiab cov ntsia thawv polish..

 

Cim npe nrov: Dibutyl phthalate (dbp) CAS 84-74-2, lwm tus neeg, manufacturers, hoobkas, lag luam wholesale, yuav, nqe, tej, kev muag khoom

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