Shaanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd. yog ib qho ntawm cov tuam ntxhab thiab cov muag khoom ntawm pyridine kua cas 110-86-1 hauv Suav teb. Txais tos rau cov lag luam wholesale bulk zoo pyridine kua cas 110-86-1 muag ntawm no los ntawm peb lub hoobkas. Kev pabcuam zoo thiab tus nqi tsim nyog muaj.
Pyridine kua (azabenzene) yog cov kua tsis muaj xim lossis xim daj me ntsis nrog cov ntxhiab tsw muaj zog. Nws cov qauv tshuaj yog C₅H₅N. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heterocyclic compound uas muaj ib tug nitrogen atom thiab belongs rau ib tug rau - cov tswv cuab ntawm lub nplhaib aromatic, zoo ib yam li lub nplhaib benzene tab sis nrog ib pawg CH hloov los ntawm nitrogen. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev ua kua ntawm chav tsev kub thiab muaj ib tug boiling point ntawm 115.2 degree. Nws yog soluble hauv dej thiab ntau yam organic solvents (xws li ethanol, ether). Vim nws cov alkalinity (pKa ≈ 5.2), nws tuaj yeem koom nrog cov kua qaub- cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv paus thiab kev sib koom ua ke chemistry. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tshuaj lom thiab nqus tau los yog kev sib cuag tuaj yeem ua rau khaus khaus thiab tawv nqaij. Thaum ua haujlwm, yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv qhov cua. Nws flammability (flash point 20 degree) kuj yuav tsum tau ceev kom deb ntawm qhov hluav taws kub.
Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv industrial ntau lawm thiab kev soj ntsuam kuaj, feem ntau yog ib tug hnyav, catalyst los yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv intermediate. Hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb raw khoom rau synthesizing tshuaj (xws li antihistamines, vitamin B₃); Hauv kev ua liaj ua teb chemistry, nws yog siv los tsim tshuaj tua kab thiab tshuaj tua kab. Tsis tas li ntawd, Nws kuj yog siv los tsim cov dyes, roj hmab additives thiab khoom noj khoom haus additives (xws li nicotinic acid).
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Tshuaj Formula |
C5H5N |
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Exact Mass |
79 |
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Molecular Luj |
79 |
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m/z |
79 (100.0%), 80 (5.4%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 75.92; H, 6.37; N, 17.71 |
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Pyridine kuayog 6 tus tswv cuab heterocyclic aromatic compound tsim los ntawm kev hloov ib pawg CH hauv lub nplhaib benzene nrog nitrogen atom. Nws yog cov kua tsis muaj xim lossis daj me ntsis ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, nrog cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab, thiab yooj yim soluble hauv dej thiab ntau yam organic solvents xws li cawv, ethers, thiab benzene. Txij li thaum nws thawj zaug sib cais los ntawm cov pob txha roj fractionation nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-19th caug xyoo, pyridine tau hloov zuj zus los ntawm ib tug yooj yim organic puag mus rau ib tug "universal cib" hla ntau yam xws li tshuaj, tshuaj tua kab, tshuaj, khoom siv, thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Nrog ntau tshaj 200 cov khoom lag luam downstream, nws yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb uas tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv hauv kev lag luam tshuaj zoo.
1. Kev lag luam tshuaj tua kab - cov neeg siv khoom lag luam loj tshaj plaws rau pyridine
Ze li ntawm 50% ntawm kev tsim khoom yog siv rau kev tsim khoom thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab thiab lawv cov intermediates. Nws yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev sib txuas ntawm pyridine nplhaib tshuaj tua kab (txog 70 hom) thiab tuaj yeem suav tias yog "tus ntsuj plig molecule" ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj tua kab.
1.1. Nyob rau hauv daim teb ntawm herbicides
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb raw khoom rau pyridine herbicides. Paraquat thiab Diquat yog ob qho tib si synthesized los ntawm pyridine ua cov khoom pib. Qhov tseem ceeb nruab nrab ntawm Diquat, 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine.
Muaj peev xwm tsim tau los ntawm American tuam txhab Raleigh los ntawm cyclopentadiene-propanal synthesis txoj kev thiab yog tsim rau loj -scale industrial ntau lawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, 3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-phenol thiab nws cov ntsev ntsev yog hluavtaws intermediates ntawm herbicides chlorpyrifos, methyl chlorpyrifos, thiab chlorhexidine; 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine yog ib qho tseem ceeb nruab nrab ntawm neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid thiab imidacloprid. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, cov tshuaj tua kab tshiab uas muaj pyridine pawg kuj tau tshwm sim, xws li Epyrifenacil, Halauxifen methyl, Florpyrauxifen benzyl, thiab lwm yam, uas tau ua tiav cov npe ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag hauv Suav teb.
1.2. Tshuaj tua kab
Nws yog ib qho khoom siv tsis tseem ceeb rau lub ntiaj teb cov tshuaj tua kab loj tshaj plaws - cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid, suav nrog Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Thiametoxam, Clothianidin, Nitenpyram, Sulfoxaflor, thiab Sulfoxaflor. Tsis tas li ntawd, organophosphate insecticides xws li chlorpyrifos, benzoylurea, flupyradifurone, bisamide chlorfenapyr thiab bromocyanamide, nrog rau lwm yam tshuaj tua kab xws li pymetrozine, propiconazole, thiab propiconazole, txhua tus siv pyridine los yog nws cov derivatives tseem ceeb. Raws li kev txheeb cais, xyoo tas los no, muaj ntau txog 14 cov tshuaj tua kab uas muaj pyridine pawg uas tau txais ISO generic npe.
Ntawm lawv, tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau npe rau Chlorfenapyr hauv Suav teb tau mus txog 49, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau npe rau Chlorfenapyr tau mus txog 12. Kev ua lag luam kev ua lag luam muaj zog heev.
1.3. Fungicide teb
Nyob rau hauv daim teb ntawm fungicides, nws kuj ci ci, npog ntau yam tseem ceeb: methoxy acrylate propiconazole; Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) xws li imidacloprid, flupyraclostrobin, cycloheximide, flupyraclostrobin, pyraclostrobin, fluazinam, thiab pyraclostrobin; Thiab nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, 10 hom tshiab ntawm ISO generic npe tau txais, suav nrog propiconazole, propiconazole, difluoropyridinium, pyridinium, chloropyridinium, trifluoropyridinium, ampicillin, tetrazolium, flupyrazole, thiab pyridinium.
Cov fungicides uas muaj cov qauv pyridine tau dhau los ua cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom cov qoob loo tawm los thiab zoo vim lawv cov kev ua haujlwm siab, kev xaiv siab, thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab kev nyab xeeb.
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias txawm hais tias cov tshuaj tua kab uas muaj tshuaj lom heev xws li paraquat thiab chlorpyrifos maj mam raug txiav tawm ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom, pyridine txoj hauj lwm hauv kev tsim cov tiam tshiab ntawm ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, thiab cov tshuaj tua kab uas tsis muaj tshuaj lom tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Lub synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab tshiab active cov khoom xyaw siv pyridine halogenated tebchaw raws li precursors tau los ua ib tug nrov kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tshuaj tua kab kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob.
2. Kev lag luam tshuaj - lub zog tseem ceeb uas cawm neeg txoj sia
Kwv yees li 23% ntawm kev tsim khoom yog siv los ua cov tshuaj intermediates, uas yog "pob zeb molecules" rau kev sib txuas cov tshuaj siv tshuaj kho mob. Raws li kev txheeb cais, muaj ntau dua 7000 cov tshuaj molecules uas muaj pyridine rings, npog yuav luag tag nrho cov kev kho mob xws li tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj mob plawv, tshuaj digestive system, vitamins, thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob -.
2.1. Cov vitamins thiab khoom noj khoom haus tshuaj
Nws yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov vitamin B3 (niacin, niacinamide) thiab vitamin B6 (pyridoxine).
Niacin thiab nicotinamide tsis yog tsuas yog cov khoom noj khoom haus tseem ceeb hauv lawv tus kheej xwb, tab sis kuj tau siv los ua cov khoom ntxiv hauv kev lag luam pub. Niacinamide (nicotinamide) yog cov khoom siv hnub qub hauv cov khoom siv tawv nqaij, siv rau kev ua kom tawv nqaij dawb thiab tiv thaiv kev laus -.
2.2. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob
Koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntawm ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob: Isoniazid yog thawj - kab tshuaj tiv thaiv tuberculosis; Niketamide yog ib tug classic ua pa stimulant; Pyridostigmine yog siv los kho myasthenia gravis.
Ntxiv rau,pyridine kuaNws kuj tseem siv tau los ua ib qho kev hloov pauv rau kev sib txuas ntawm penicillin thiab cephalosporin tshuaj tua kab mob, txhim kho cov kab mob tua kab mob ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob.
2.3. Cov tshuaj kho mob plawv thiab digestive system
Amlodipine yog classic calcium channel blocker siv los txo cov ntshav siab; Nifedipine tseem muaj lub nplhaib pyridine ua nws cov qauv tseem ceeb. Proton twj tso kua mis inhibitors xws li Omeprazole thiab Lansoprazole yog siv los kho cov kab mob plab acid, thiab lawv cov synthesis kuj tso siab rau pyridine intermediates. Esomeprazole kuj muaj cov qauv pyridine.
2.4. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qog
Pyridine raws li tshuaj tiv thaiv-cov tshuaj qog nqaij hlav tau yog lub ntsiab lus tshawb fawb kub hauv xyoo tas los no. Tacrine yog thawj acetylcholinesterase inhibitor pom zoo los ntawm FDA rau kev kho mob Alzheimer's kab mob, thiab tseem muaj kev tiv thaiv- qog nqaij hlav. Imatinib yog ib tug revolutionary kinase inhibitor siv los kho mob myeloid leukemia, thiab nws cov molecule muaj ib lub nplhaib pyridine. Tsis tas li ntawd, pyrazole pyridine heterocyclic tebchaw tau qhia cov tshuaj kho tau zoo hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab kho cov qog, thiab ntau txhiab tus derivatives tau ua ke.
2.5 "universal toolbox" hauv tshuaj chemistry
Yog vim li cas pyridine suav hais tias yog "cov cuab yeej siv" los ntawm cov kws kho mob tshuaj yog vim nws ntau yam zoo: ib leeg khub electrons ntawm nitrogen atom tuaj yeem tsim hydrogen bonds nrog cov tshuaj receptors, txhim kho cov tshuaj pharmacokinetic; C2 thiab C4 txoj haujlwm muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau nucleophilic hloov pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txhawb kev hloov kho tshuaj lom neeg; Taw qhia pyridine nplhaib tuaj yeem txhim kho metabolic stability, nce cell permeability, thiab txhim khu kev siv tshuaj. Kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias hloov lub nplhaib benzene nrog lub nplhaib pyridine hauv ib qho chaw tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev lom zem ntau dua 500 zaug.
Ua kom cov cell permeability ntau dua 190 npaug, thiab txhim kho cov protein binding affinity ntau dua 35 zaug. Cov ntaub ntawv no qhia tau hais tias lub nplhaib pyridine yog "super module" rau optimizing tshuaj molecules.
3. Cov kuab tshuaj organic thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv
Nws yog ib qho zoo heev polarity uas tsis yog proton hnyav nrog tshwj xeeb solubility thiab reactivity.
3.1. Cov kuab tshuaj tshwj xeeb
Nws muaj peev xwm yaj cov organic tebchaw thiab inorganic ntsev uas nyuaj rau yaj nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj zoo tib yam, thiab yog haum rau ntau yam organic synthesis tshuaj xws li nucleophilic hloov, catalytic hydrogenation, diazotization, acylation, thiab lwm yam.
Nws kuj yog siv los ua ib theem mobile rau kev tshuaj ntsuam chromatographic. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation permanganate, pyridine ruaj khov rau oxidants thiab tsis oxidized los ntawm nitric acid, chromium oxide, poov tshuaj permanganate, thiab lwm yam., ua rau nws yog ib qho zoo tagnrho hnyav rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
3.2. Acid binding agents thiab alkaline catalysts
Nws alkalinity (txawm hais tias tsis muaj zog tshaj fatty amines, muaj zog tshaj pyrrole) ua rau nws yog ib tug zoo heev acid binding neeg sawv cev. Hauv cov organic synthesis ntawm cov kua qaub tsim tawm xws li acylation thiab sulfonation, pyridine tuaj yeem ua rau cov kua qaub tsim tawm, txhawb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau pem hauv ntej, thiab txhim kho cov khoom tawm los.
Cov yam ntxwv no yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov synthesis ntawm kws tshuaj, tshuaj tua kab, thiab dyes. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem tsim cov tebchaw nrog Lewis acids xws li boron trifluoride, nthuav nws cov catalytic daim ntawv thov ntau yam.
4. Dye thiab pigment kev lag luam
Pyridine yog ib qho tseem ceeb precursor rau cov synthesis ntawm pyridine dyes, nrog rau cov dyes ncaj qha, acid dyes, thiab lwm yam. Nws yog siv rau dyeing textiles thiab tawv, thiab muaj peev xwm ho txhim kho cov xim ceev thiab solubility ntawm dyes. Cov khoom sawv cev muaj xws li: N-ethylpyridone series, xiav raws li BB, xiav raws li RR, dispersed xiav S-RB, soluble txo grey IBL, soluble txo xiav IBC, thiab lwm yam. Nws kuj yog siv rau synthesizing pigment dispersants los txhim kho cov dispersion stability ntawm pigments hauv xov xwm.
Kev npaj ntawmpyridine kua:
Azabenzene thiab nws cov derivatives kuj tuaj yeem ua ke los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev, uas feem ntau siv txoj kev yog kev sib txuas ntawm Hanqi azabenzene, uas siv ob lub molecules - Carbonyl tebchaw, xws li ethyl acetoacetate, yog condensed nrog ib tug molecule ntawm acetaldehyde nrog condensed molecule. acetoacetate thiab ammonia los tsim cov tshuaj dihydropyridine, thiab tom qab ntawd dehydrogenated nrog oxidant (xws li nitrous acid), thiab hydrolyzed rau decarboxylation kom tau txais azabenzene derivatives.
Cov khoom siv tshuaj
Pyridine thiab nws cov derivatives ruaj khov dua li benzene, thiab lawv cov reactivity zoo ib yam li nitrobenzene. Cov tshuaj tsw qab electrophilic hloov pauv tshwm sim tshwm sim nyob rau ntawm txoj haujlwm 3 thiab 5, tab sis qhov reactivity qis dua li ntawm benzene, thiab nws tsis yooj yim rau kev tshwm sim nitration, halogenation, sulfonation thiab lwm yam tshuaj. Nws yog ib qho tsis muaj zog tertiary amine, uas tuaj yeem tsim cov ntsev insoluble nrog ntau cov kua qaub (picric acid lossis perchloric acid, thiab lwm yam) hauv cov tshuaj ethanol. Nws siv hauv kev lag luam muaj txog 1% 2-methylpyridine, yog li nws tuaj yeem raug cais tawm ntawm nws cov homologues los ntawm kev ua kom zoo dua qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsev tsim cov khoom. Pyridine tuaj yeem tsim cov crystalline complexes nrog ntau yam hlau ions. Nws yooj yim dua los txo qis dua benzene, xws li hexahydropyridine (los yog piperidine) nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm hlau sodium thiab ethanol. Pyridine reacts nrog hydrogen peroxide thiab yooj yim oxidized rau pyridine N-oxide.
Electrophilic hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Azabenzene yog "π tsis muaj" heterocycle, thiab cov huab cua huab cua ntawm lub nplhaib yog qis dua li ntawm benzene, yog li nws cov kev hloov pauv ntawm electrophilic kuj tseem qis dua li ntawm benzene, uas yog sib npaug rau nitrobenzene. Vim lub passivation ntawm nitrogen atoms ntawm lub nplhaib, cov kev mob rau electrophilic hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kuj hnyav, thiab cov tawm los yog tsawg. Cov neeg hloov pauv feem ntau nkag mus rau 3( ) Ntsis.
Piv nrog rau benzene, electrophilic hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm azabenzene nplhaib yuav nyuaj dua, thiab qhov hloov pauv tsuas yog nkag mus rau 3() Cov nyhuv no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm cov txheeb ze ruaj khov ntawm qhov nruab nrab.
Vim tias muaj qhov nqus nitrogen atom, qhov zoo ions ntawm qhov nruab nrab tsis ruaj khov raws li qhov sib txuas nruab nrab hloov los ntawm benzene, yog li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrophilic hloov ntawm azabenzene yog qhov nyuaj dua li ntawm benzene. Muab piv rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm electrophilic reagent nres, peb tuaj yeem pom tias thaum nres 2( ) Cov khoom thiab 4( ) muaj cov qauv kev txwv rau qhov nruab nrab tsim thaum cov nqi zoo nyob rau ntawm nitrogen atom nrog ntau dua electronegativity. Cov qauv txwv no tsis ruaj khov heev, thiab 3( ) Tsis muaj qhov txwv tsis pub muaj qhov txwv tsis pub tshaj rau qhov nruab nrab hloov los ntawm txoj hauj lwm, thiab qhov nruab nrab yog qhov ruaj khov dua li qhov nruab nrab tawm tsam txoj hauj lwm 2 thiab 4. Yog li ntawd, cov hloov pauv ntawm txoj hauj lwm 3 yog ib qho yooj yim rau daim ntawv.
Nucleophilic hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Vim yog lub electron nqus ntawm nitrogen atoms ntawm lub nplhaib azabenzene, electron huab ntom ntom ntawm carbon atoms ntawm lub nplhaib txo qis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm 2 thiab 4, yog li cov nucleophilic hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub nplhaib yog ib qho yooj yim tshwm sim, thiab kev hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm 2 thiab 4. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm azabenzene-2 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog hu ua azabenzene. azinibabine cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog tias 2 txoj haujlwm tau nyob, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tshwm sim hauv 4 txoj haujlwm kom tau 4-aminopyridine, tab sis cov txiaj ntsig qis.
Yog hais tias lub ntsis los yog cov nucleophilic hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib qho yooj yim tshwm sim thaum muaj ib tug zoo tawm pab pawg neeg (xws li halogen, nitro) nyob rau hauv lub. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nucleophilic nrog ammonia (lossis amine), alkyl oxide, dej thiab lwm yam tsis muaj zog nucleophilic reagents.
Nucleophilic hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Vim yog lub electron nqus ntawm nitrogen atoms ntawm lub nplhaib pyridine, lub electron huab ceev ntawm carbon atoms ntawm lub nplhaib txo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm 2 thiab 4, yog li cov nucleophilic hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub nplhaib yog ib qho yooj yim tshwm sim, thiab cov tshuaj hloov pauv feem ntau tshwm sim ntawm txoj hauj lwm 2 thiab 4.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm azabenzene nrog sodium amino los tsim 2-aminopyridine hu ua azinibabine cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog tias 2 txoj haujlwm tau nyob, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tshwm sim hauv 4 txoj haujlwm kom tau 4-aminopyridine, tab sis cov txiaj ntsig qis. Yog hais tias lub ntsis los yog cov nucleophilic hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib qho yooj yim tshwm sim thaum muaj ib tug zoo tawm pab pawg neeg (xws li halogen, nitro) nyob rau hauv lub.
Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nucleophilic nrog ammonia (lossis amine), alkyl oxide, dej thiab lwm yam tsis muaj zog nucleophilic reagents.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Redox:
Vim tias cov huab cua electron ceev ntawm lub nplhaib azabenzene tsawg, nws feem ntau tsis yooj yim rau oxidized. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv acidic tej yam kev mob, nws muaj ib tug zoo nqi nyob rau hauv nitrogen atom tom qab salifying, thiab induction nyhuv ntawm electron nqus tau ntxiv dag zog rau, uas ua rau lub electron huab ceev ntawm lub nplhaib qis, thiab tsub kom lub stability ntawm oxidant. Thaum lub nplhaib azbenzene muaj cov saw hlau sab, cov oxidation ntawm cov saw hlau tau tshwm sim. Nws tuaj yeem raug oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo ib yam li tertiary amine nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb oxidation tej yam kev mob los ua N-oxide. Piv txwv li, azabenzene N-oxide tuaj yeem tau txais thaum azabenzene reacts nrog peroxy acid lossis hydrogen peroxide.
Nyob rau hauv azbenzene N-oxide, lub unconsumed electron khub ntawm cov pa atom muaj peev xwm muaj p-π conjugation nrog lub aromatic loj π daim ntawv cog lus, uas ua rau lub electron huab ceev ntawm lub nplhaib nce Bitsum Lub electrophilic hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm azabenzene nplhaib yog ib qho yooj yim tshwm sim vim qhov zoo tshaj plaws nce ntawm txoj hauj lwm. Tom qab tsim ntawm azabenzene N-oxide, cov nitrogen atom muaj qhov zoo, thiab cov nyhuv induction ntawm electron nqus tau nce, yog li qhov ceev ntawm electron huab ntawm txoj hauj lwm 4 txo qis, yog li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrophilic hloov pauv feem ntau tshwm sim ntawm 4() On. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, azabenzene N- oxides kuj muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev hloov pauv nucleophilic.
Contrary to oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, Azabenzene nplhaib yog yooj yim rau undergo hydrogenation txo dua benzene nplhaib, uas yuav txo tau los ntawm catalytic hydrogenation thiab tshuaj reagents.
Cov khoom txo qis ntawmpyridine kuayog hexahydropyridine (piperidine), uas muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm cov amine theem nrab, yog alkaline ntau dua Azabenzene (pKa=11.2), thiab qhov kub ntawm qhov kub yog 106 degree. Ntau yam khoom ntuj tsim muaj lub nplhaib no thiab feem ntau siv cov hauv paus organic.
Azabenzene thiab nws cov derivatives ruaj khov dua li benzene, thiab lawv cov reactivity zoo ib yam li nitrobenzene. Cov tshuaj electrophilic hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab tshwm sim ntawm txoj haujlwm 3 thiab 5, tab sis lawv cov kev ua haujlwm qis dua li ntawm benzene, thiab lawv feem ntau tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam xws li nitration, halogenation, thiab sulfonation. Nws yog ib qho tsis muaj zog tertiary amine uas tuaj yeem tsim cov ntsev insoluble nrog ntau cov kua qaub (xws li picric acid lossis perchloric acid) hauv cov tshuaj ethanol.Nws yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam muaj li 1% 2-methylpyridine, yog li nws tuaj yeem raug cais tawm ntawm nws homologues los ntawm kev noj kom zoo dua qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsev tsim cov khoom.
Nws yog qhov yooj yim los txo qis dua li benzene, xws li hexahydropyridine (los yog piperidine) nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm hlau sodium thiab ethanol. Nws reacts nrog hydrogen peroxide thiab yooj yim oxidized rau N-oxidized pyridine.
Aromaticity
Cov qauv ntawm pyridine zoo ib yam li benzene. Niaj hnub nimno txoj kev siv lub cev tau ntsuas tias cov pa roj carbon ntev ntev hauv pyridine molecules yog 139 teev tsaus ntuj, uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm C-N ib daim ntawv cog lus (147 teev tsaus ntuj) thiab C=N ob daim ntawv cog lus (128 teev tsaus ntuj). Ntxiv mus, daim ntawv cog lus ntev qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov pa roj carbon daim ntawv cog lus thiab carbon nitrogen daim ntawv cog lus kuj zoo sib xws, nrog rau lub kaum sab xis ntawm 120 degree. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm lub nplhaib pyridine yog siab, tab sis tsis tiav li benzene.
Cov pa roj carbon thiab nitrogen atoms ntawm lub nplhaib pyridine sib tshooj nrog ib leeg hauv sp2 hybridized orbitals los tsim ib daim ntawv cog lus sigma, tsim ib lub nplhaib rau lub nplhaib. Txhua lub atom muaj ap orbital perpendicular rau lub dav hlau ntawm lub nplhaib, nrog ib tug electron nyob rau hauv txhua p orbital. Cov p orbitals sib tshooj tom qab los ua ib qho kaw loj π daim ntawv cog lus, nrog 6 π electrons, ua raws li 4n +2 txoj cai, zoo ib yam li lub nplhaib benzene.
Yog li ntawd, pyridine muaj ib qho℃ntawm aromaticity. Muaj lwm sp2 hybrid orbital ntawm cov nitrogen atom uas tsis koom nrog kev sib raug zoo thiab yog nyob los ntawm ib khub ntawm ib leeg ib khub electrons, ua pyridine alkaline. Lub electronegativity ntawm nitrogen atom ntawm lub nplhaib pyridine yog qhov siab, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev faib cov huab cua ceev ntawm lub nplhaib, ua rau π electron huab hloov mus rau nitrogen atom.
Electron huab ceev nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nitrogen atom yog siab, thaum lub electron huab ceev nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub nplhaib txo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub nyob ib sab thiab para txoj hauj lwm, uas yog txo qis. Yog li, pyridine muaj cov ntxhiab tsw zoo dua li benzene.
Hauv pyridine molecules, lub luag haujlwm ntawm nitrogen atom zoo ib yam li cov pab pawg nitro hauv nitrobenzene, ua rau txo qis hauv huab cua electron ceev ntawm lub ortho thiab para txoj haujlwm piv rau lub nplhaib benzene, thaum txoj hauj lwm meta zoo ib yam li lub nplhaib benzene. Yog li ntawd, cov huab cua electron ceev ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom ntawm lub nplhaib yog qis dua li ntawm benzene. Yog li ntawd, aromatic heterocycles xws li pyridine kuj hu ua "π - deficient" heterocycles. Hom heterocyclic nplhaib no yog tshuaj lom neeg ntau dua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrophilic, kev hloov pauv nucleophilic, tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation, thiab txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Alkaline thiab ntsev
Cov khub tsis sib koom ua ke ntawm cov nitrogen atom ntawm pyridine tuaj yeem txais cov protons thiab nthuav tawm alkalinity. Lub pKa ntawm conjugated acid ntawm pyridine (pyridine uas lees txais ib qho proton ntawm N atom) yog 5.25, uas yog acidic ntau dua ammonia (pKa 9.24) thiab fatty amines (pKa 10-11) (qhov me dua pKa, lub zog acidity). Yog vim li cas yog vim li cas cov tsis sib koom electron khub ntawm nitrogen atom nyob rau hauv pyridine nyob rau hauv sp2 hybrid orbitals, uas muaj ntau s-orbital Cheebtsam tshaj sp3 hybrid orbitals thiab nyob ze rau lub atomic nucleus. Cov electrons muaj zog khi los ntawm cov nucleus thiab muaj lub siab me dua los pub electrons, ua rau nws nyuaj rau khi nrog protons thiab tsawg alkaline. Txawm li cas los xij, piv rau cov tshuaj tsw qab xws li aniline nrog pKa ntawm 4.6, pyridine yog me ntsis alkaline.
Pyridine tuaj yeem tsim cov ntsev ruaj khov nrog cov kua qaub uas muaj zog, thiab qee cov ntsev crystalline tuaj yeem siv rau kev sib cais, kev txheeb xyuas, thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo. Lub alkalinity ntawm pyridine yog siv los ua catalyst thiab deacidification tus neeg sawv cev hauv ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Vim nws zoo solubility hauv dej thiab cov kuab tshuaj organic, nws cov nyhuv catalytic feem ntau dhau mus txog ntawm qee lub hauv paus inorganic.
Pyridine tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog tsim cov ntsev nrog cov kua qaub uas muaj zog, tab sis kuj nrog Lewis acids.
Tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj muaj qee yam khoom ntawm tertiary amines, uas tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog halogenated hydrocarbons los ua quaternary ammonium ntsev los yog nrog acyl halides los ua ntsev.
Cov lus nug nquag
Puas yog pyridine lom rau tib neeg?
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Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog tib neeg thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv cov tsiaj, peb xav tias qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev txhawj xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv rau tib neeg raug rau pyridine yuav yog.kev puas tsuaj rau daim siab. Lwm yam kev txhawj xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv rau tib neeg tej zaum yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb, lub raum cuam tshuam, thiab khaus ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag.
Yuav ua li cas yog tias peb hnov pyridine?
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Ua pa Pyridine tuaj yeemua rau lub qhov ntswg thiab caj pas ua rau hnoos thiab hawb pob. Pyridine tuaj yeem ua rau xeev siab, ntuav, raws plab thiab mob plab. Pyridine tuaj yeem ua rau mob taub hau, qaug zog, kiv taub hau, tsis pom kev, tsis meej pem, thiab txawm coma thiab tuag.
Cov tshuaj twg muaj pyridine?
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Pyridine-raws li cov tshuaj tau raug tshaj tawm tias muaj ntau hom kab mob lom neeg, uas suav nrog lawv siv los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tubercular (isoniazid), tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (abiraterone), tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (enpiroline), stimulants ua pa (nikethamide), myasthenia gravis (pyridostigmine).
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