Ntshiab Dopamine（https://www.bloomtechz.com/synthetic-chemical/api-researching-only/pure-dopamine-cas-51-61-6.html), lub npe tshuaj yog 3-Hydroxytyramine. Nws cov mis molecular yog C8H11NO2, thiab nws cov txheeb ze molecular hnyav yog 153.18g / mol. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb neurotransmitter uas xa cov teeb liab ntawm cov neurons thiab tswj kev ua haujlwm hauv lub hlwb thiab hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, 3-Hydroxytyramine tseem koom nrog ntau lwm cov txheej txheem physiological, xws li kev tswj cov hlab plawv, lub plab zom mov teb, lub cev tsis muaj zog thiab lub hlwb ua haujlwm, thiab lwm yam. Dopamine hmoov yog tsim nyob rau hauv peb lub chaw kuaj mob, thiab ntshiab dopamine muag ntawm tib lub sijhawm.
1. Enzymatic tsob ntoo synthesis txoj kev:
Tam sim no, cov synthesis ntawm 3-hydroxytyramine los ntawm Enzymatic tsob ntoo synthesis txoj kev yog feem ntau, uas muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, siab raug thiab siab yield. Cov txheej txheem yog siv tyrosinase los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv grafting rau phenylpropionic acid, thiab tom qab ntawd txo cov khoom raw tyrosine ntxiv rau hauv cov txheej txheem grafting rau 3-hydroxytyramine los ntawm reductase catalysis. Kev rov siv cov enzymes zoo heev txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig thiab ua kom cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam.
Enzymatic dendritic synthesis yog ib qho enzyme-catalyzed cov tshuaj tiv thaiv-raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke uas ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov tshuaj hloov pauv hauv cov mob me. Txoj kev no hloov pauv cov substrates rau hauv cov khoom los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv enzyme-catalyzed, uas muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev ua haujlwm siab. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj 3-Hydroxytyramine, cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem siv los ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov nqi qis.
Cov kauj ruam ntawm txoj kev Enzymatic tsob ntoo synthesis yog raws li nram no:
(1) Npaj cov substrate: L-tyrosine thiab tyrosinase tuaj yeem raug xaiv ua substrate.
(2) Sib tov lub substrate nrog tyrosinase. Tyrosinase yog ib qho tooj liab ion-dependent enzyme uas tuaj yeem ua rau kev hloov pauv ntawm L-tyrosine rau DOPA, uas yog qhov sib xyaw ua ntej ntawm 3-Hydroxytyramine. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv formula catalyzed los ntawm Tyrpsinase yog raws li nram no:
(3) Txuas ntxiv ntxiv L-ascorbic acid. L-ascorbic acid yog ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem pab txo cov substrate ntawm tyrosinase, yog li txhawb kev tsim cov DOPA. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm no yog raws li nram no:
(4) Ntxiv txo NADH thiab L-tyrosine. NADH tuaj yeem siv los ua tus neeg pub khoom siv hluav taws xob los pab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab L-tyrosine kuj tseem yuav ntxiv rau nws. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm no yog raws li nram no:
(5) Kub qhov sib tov. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog rhuab mus rau 37 degree los txhawb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Thaum cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev saib xyuas yuav tsum tau them rau kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias.
(6) Kev npaj cov khoom ntshiab. Tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov khoom raug txheeb xyuas thiab ua kom huv los ntawm kev siv ultraviolet spectrophotometric thiab kev ua haujlwm siab ua kua chromatography kom tau txais high-purity 3-Hydroxytyramine.
Raws li cov txheej txheem hluavtaws raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv enzyme-catalyzed, Enzymatic dendritic synthesis muaj cov hauv qab no zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo:
qhov zoo:
(1) Kev siv cov enzymes ntuj raws li catalysts tsis tas yuav siv cov kuab tshuaj organic hauv cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas txo cov khoom pov tseg thiab muaj kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig zoo.
(2) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mob me me, tsis tas yuav tsum muaj kev kub siab thiab kub kub ib puag ncig, thiab yog tus phooj ywg zoo rau ib puag ncig.
(3) Kev xaiv dav ntawm substrates thiab catalysts tuaj yeem siv rau kev sib txuas ntawm ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg.
tsis txaus:
(1) Qee cov enzymes muaj kev ua haujlwm qis catalytic thiab yuav tsum tau txhim kho kom tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau dua.
(2) Lub sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau yog ntev, thiab nws yuav siv sijhawm ntev kom tau txais cov khoom lag luam.
(3) Qee cov enzymes yuav raug inhibited lossis inactivated, cuam tshuam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
2. Abderhalden ammonia synthesis method:
Txoj kev Abderhalden ammonia synthesis yog ib txoj kev sib txuas tshiab ntawm 3-hydroxytyramine, uas yog tus cwj pwm hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm 3-hydroxytyramine los ntawm kev txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau amino pawg thaum tsis muaj cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov catalyst. Cov qauv no tseem nyob rau theem kev tshawb fawb, tab sis nws muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev yooj yim, siab yield, thiab kev ua haujlwm yooj yim, thiab nws xav tias yuav dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem hluavtaws tseem ceeb yav tom ntej.
Abderhalden ammonia synthesis method yog ib txoj hauv kev rau kev sib xyaw ua ke 3-Hydroxytyramine los ntawm ntau cov kauj ruam tshuaj siv Piperonal thiab formaldehyde ua raw khoom. Tus yuam sij rau txoj kev no yog kev hloov pauv ntawm Piperonal rau 3, 4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (DMPEA), ua raws li ammoniation kom tau txais 3-Hydroxytyramine. Qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog tias cov khoom siv raw tau yooj yim, kev ua haujlwm yooj yim thiab cov txiaj ntsig siab, tab sis kuj tseem muaj qee qhov tsis zoo nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, xws li lub sijhawm ntev cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov txheej txheem hluavtaws nyuaj.
Abderhalden ammonia synthesis method of synthesizing 3-Hydroxytyramine feem ntau muab faib ua cov kauj ruam hauv qab no:
(1) Siv Piperonal ua cov khoom siv raw, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau kauj ruam tau ua los ua ke DMPEA
Piperonal thawj zaug tau txais Schiff puag cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ethylenediamine los tsim ib qho nruab nrab, thiab tom qab ntawd txo qis thiab decarboxylation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom tau DMPEA.
(2) Hloov cov tau txais DMPEA rau 3, 4-dimethoxyphenylethanol (DMPE) los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation.
DMPEA tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm NaOH los tsim DMPE.
(3) Siv DMPE ua raw khoom, ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv condensation nrog formaldehyde nyob rau hauv muaj sodium hydroxide.
DMPE tau txais hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv saum toj no yog condensed nrog formaldehyde kom tau 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl-2-methyl-2-propenal (DMPA).
(4) 3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl-2-methyl-2-propanol (DMP) tau txais los ntawm kev txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm DMPA.
Kev txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm DMPA yuav tsum tau siv cov hydrogen thiab platinum carbon los ua ib qho catalyst thiab ua raws li cov cua sov. nqes
(5) Siv DMP ua raw khoom, 3-Hydroxytyramine tau tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ammoniation.
Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm NH3, DMP tau txais carboxymethyl txo thiab epoxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom tau txais 3-Hydroxytyramine.
Abderhalden ammonia synthesis txoj kev muaj cov hauv qab no qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo:
qhov zoo:
(1) Cov khoom siv raw khoom yooj yim tau txais, kev ua haujlwm yooj yim thiab cov txiaj ntsig siab.
(2) Qhov nruab nrab DMPEA tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev sib txuas ntawm lwm cov tebchaw thiab muaj qee qhov kev thov nqi.
(3) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ammoniation tsis tas yuav siv ntau cov reactants, uas yog tus phooj ywg rau ib puag ncig.
tsis txaus:
(1) Lub sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov ntev, feem ntau ob peb hnub lossis txawm lub lis piam.
(2) Txoj kev siv hluavtaws yog qhov nyuaj thiab yuav tsum muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau kauj ruam.
(3) Qee cov kauj ruam yuav tsum tau siv cov tshuaj lom reagents thiab catalysts, thiab cov kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum muaj siab.
3. Baeyer-Drewson synthesis method:
Baeyer-Drewson synthesis tseem hu ua piperine synthesis ntawm 3-hydroxytyramine. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, ua ntej, Schiff puag cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog nqa tawm nrog resorcinol thiab ammonia dej kom tau txais trihydroindoline, thiab tom qab ntawd tus neeg saib xyuas lub cev qhuav dej, cov txiv neej anhydride, yog siv los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lactam los tsim indoletriketone. Thaum kawg, 3-hydroxytyramine tau txais los ntawm cov kauj ruam xws li diazotization, nitration, thiab txo hydrogenation. Cov txheej txheem yog qhov nyuaj rau kev khiav lag luam, tab sis muaj cov txiaj ntsig siab thiab muaj qee yam kev tshawb fawb tus nqi.
Baeyer-Drewson synthesis txoj kev yog muab faib ua cov kauj ruam hauv qab no:
(1) Siv -phenylethylamine ua raw khoom, nqa tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation kom tau 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (DHPA).
-phenylethylamine reacts nrog hydrogen peroxide nyob rau hauv catalysis ntawm poov tshuaj perchlorate los yog potassium carbonate los tsim DHPA. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation no yuav tsum tau nqa tawm ntawm chav tsev kub, thiab lub sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv luv luv.
(2) Siv DHPA ua raw khoom, acetalizes nrog aldehydes kom tau 3,4-dihydroxy- -methylphenethylamine.
DHPA tuaj yeem raug acetalization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog formaldehyde lossis lwm yam aldehydes kom tau 3,4-dihydroxy- -methylphenethylamine.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acetal no yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv nruab nrab lossis alkaline tej yam kev mob, feem ntau yog siv sodium hydroxide los yog poov tshuaj hydroxide ua catalyst, thiab ua rau cua sov.
(3) Siv 3,4-dihydroxy- -methylphenethylamine ua cov khoom siv raw, ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv amination nrog urea lossis amines kom tau txais 3-Hydroxytyramine.
3, 4-dihydroxy- -methylphenethylamine tuaj yeem raug aminated nrog urea lossis lwm yam amines los tsim 3-Hydroxytyramine.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv amination no yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej yooj yim, feem ntau yog siv sodium hydroxide lossis lwm cov tshuaj reagents yooj yim ua cov catalyst, thiab ua raws li cov cua sov.
Baeyer-Drewson synthesis yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov hauv qab no:
(1) Lub purity thiab zoo ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau raws li tej yam yuav tsum tau kom lub stability ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov khoom zoo ntawm cov khoom.
(2) Txhua kauj ruam yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov txheej txheem, lub sijhawm thiab qhov kub thiab txias los xyuas kom meej qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom.
(3) Qee cov tshuaj lom catalysts thiab cov kuab tshuaj yuav tsum tau siv rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau ceev faj heev, thiab kev pov tseg pov tseg kom raug.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mechanism ntawm Baeyer-Drewson synthesis txoj kev yog qhov yooj yim, feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov kauj ruam xws li oxidation, acetalization thiab amination. Hauv cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv no, -phenylethylamine thawj zaug tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation kom tau DHPA. Tom qab ntawd, DHPA tau txais acetalization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog aldehydes kom tau 3,4-dihydroxy- -methylphenethylamine. 3,4-dihydroxy- -methylphenethylamine yog aminated nrog urea lossis amines kom tau txais 3-Hydroxytyramine.
Baeyer-Drewson synthesis muaj qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo hauv qab no:
qhov zoo:
(1) Cov khoom siv raw khoom tau yooj yim, kev ua haujlwm yooj yim, lub sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv luv luv, thiab cov txiaj ntsig siab.
(2) Ntau cov intermediates tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev sib txuas ntawm lwm cov tebchaw thiab muaj qee qhov kev thov nqi.
(3) Cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov catalysts tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig.
tsis txaus:
(1) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acetal yuav tsum tau siv qee yam aldehyde reagents, uas tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb rau kev ua haujlwm.
(2) Qee cov kauj ruam yuav tsum tau siv cov tshuaj lom catalysts thiab cov kuab tshuaj, yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm siab.
(3) Qee cov khoom lag luam tuaj yeem tsim tawm thaum lub sijhawm npaj.
nyob rau hauv xaus:
Baeyer-Drewson synthesis txoj kev yog ib txoj kev ntawm synthesizing 3-Hydroxytyramine los ntawm -phenylethylamine los ntawm oxidation, acetalization thiab amination cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Txoj kev no muaj qee qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo, thiab nws yuav tsum tau xaiv raws li qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb hauv kev siv tswv yim.
Yuav kom suav tau, tam sim no muaj ntau txoj hauv kev hluavtaws rau 3-hydroxytyramine xaiv los ntawm, xws li Enzymatic dendritic synthesis, Abderhalden ammonia synthesis thiab Baeyer-Drewson synthesis, thiab lwm yam. Cov txheej txheem hluavtaws sib txawv muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig, cov txheej txheem txheej txheem. , thiab yooj yim ntawm kev khiav lag luam, thiab cov txheej txheem tsim nyog tshaj plaws yuav tsum tau xaiv raws li qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag.