Polystyreneyog cov khoom siv polymer nrog ntau daim ntawv thov, xws li cov khoom ntim, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv hauv tsev, thiab lwm yam. Tshaj li ib nrab xyoo dhau los, ntau txoj hauv kev tau tsim los ua ke Polystyrene, thiab tsab xov xwm no yuav tsom mus rau kev qhia ob peb txoj hauv kev. Lub synthesis ntawm Polystyrene feem ntau yog siv txoj kev xws li dawb radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, ion pauv, thiab lwm yam. Cov hauv qab no yog ib txoj kev sib txuas rau Polystyrene:
1. Dawb radical polymerization txoj kev:
Polystyrene's dawb radical polymerization txoj kev yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv cov txheej txheem synthesis. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev no yog siv qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov dawb radical pib xws li hydrogen peroxide hauv kev daws teeb meem los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dawb radical ntawm styrene monomer, thiab tom qab ntawd cov dawb radicals tsis tu ncua polymerize, thaum kawg tsim cov polymer hu ua Polystyrene. Thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem no, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los yaj lub styrene monomer nyob rau hauv ib tug haum hnyav thiab tswj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub thiab lub sij hawm kom ua tau raws li qhov xav tau polymerization nyhuv. Nws yog ib qho ntawm nws txoj kev tsim khoom tseem ceeb. Txoj kev no suav nrog cov kauj ruam hauv qab no.
1.1. Kev npaj cov khoom siv raw:
Ua ntej, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los npaj cov khoom siv raw uas xav tau rau kev tsim cov polystyrene. Rau cov dawb radical polymerization, styrene feem ntau yog siv los ua cov monomer, thiab benzoyl peroxide (BPO) yog siv los ua cov dawb radical pib. Qhov zoo ntawm BPO yog li ntawm 2 mus rau 3 feem pua.
1.2. Kev npaj ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tank:
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polymerization yuav tsum tau siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tank, thiab thaum npaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tank, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum xav txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm reactants thiab lub peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tank. Reaction tanks feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xws li stainless hlau, iav fiber reinforced yas (GRP), los yog polyethylene los tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kev kub siab.
1.3. Pretreatment ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tank:
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tank yuav tsum tau kho ua ntej kom ntseeg tau tias tsis muaj plua plav lossis impurities hauv lub tank, thiab nws tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov siab ntawm cov txheej txheem tsis. Lub tshuab cua sov yog nyob ntawm kwv yees li 15 feem pua ntawm hauv qab ntawm lub tank, uas tuaj yeem ua hluav taws xob cua sov. Lub hauv qab ntawm lub stirrer yuav tsum ua tib yam rau hauv qab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tank kom tsis txhob muaj qhov kub thiab txias.
1.4. reactant pub:
Styrene thiab BPO tau nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tank raws li pob nyiaj siv thiab yuav tsum tau ntxiv kom muaj nuj nqis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hnyav yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tank - txhawm rau txhim kho cov dej ntws ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txo cov viscosity, thiab tiv thaiv kev txaws. Feem ntau siv cov kuab tshuaj muaj xws li ethane, toluene, lossis dichloromethane.
1.5. Reaction txheej txheem:
Muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lub tank thiab ua kom sov rau qhov kub thiab txias, feem ntau ntawm 120 thiab 150 degrees Celsius, kom pib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Thaum lub sij hawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv, BPO ua rau cov dawb radical polymerization, uas tuaj yeem ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov saw hlau thiab tsim cov molecules polymer. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nce zuj zus los ntawm cov khoom mus rau cov kua dej subcritical thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau cov kua nplaum polymers.
1.6. Qhov kawg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nce mus txog ib theem, nws yuav tsum tau txiav. Feem ntau hais lus, thaum kawg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum txias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tank los hloov cov polymer los ntawm cov muab tshuaj txhuam rau hauv cov khoom thaiv, thiab tom qab ntawd tshem tawm cov dawb polystyrene thaiv los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tank.
1.7. Cov khoom siv:
Cov tau polystyrene blocks yuav tsum tau ua tiav thiab tsim, feem ntau yog los ntawm kev sib tsoo cov polymer blocks rau hauv cov khoom, xaiv qhov tsim nyog particle morphology, extracting impurities xws li unreacted monomers thiab lubricating roj, thiab nthuav lub cev kom tau txais kev lag luam polystyrene plastics.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, cov dawb radical polymerization ntawm polystyrene yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, thiab nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau xyuam xim rau kev khiav hauj lwm tej yam kev mob xws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub thiab meej pub mis los xyuas kom meej zus tau tej cov khoom zoo polymer.
2. Cationic polymerization txoj kev:
Cationic polymerization yog lwm txoj hauv kev siv los ua ke ntawm polystyrene. Yog vim li cas vim li cas txoj kev no hu ua cationic polymerization yog tias nws siv cov khoom zoo ionic compound ua catalyst rau polymerize styrene. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm txoj kev no yog tias cov hluavtaws hluavtaws muaj qhov hnyav molecular hnyav thiab nqaim molecular hnyav faib, yog li nws feem ntau siv los npaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas muaj qhov hnyav molecular thiab nqaim molecular hnyav faib. Nws yog thawj zaug npaj los ntawm dawb radical polymerization. Nrog rau qhov kev thov ntau ntxiv rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm polymer, cationic polymerization tau maj mam dhau los ua ib txoj hauv kev siv los npaj Polystyrene. Cationic polymerization yog ib txoj hauv kev tswj tau thiab ua tau zoo rau kev npaj cov khoom zoo Polystyrene polymers. Thaum lub sij hawm kev npaj, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los tswj cov tsis xws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab monomer ntxiv tus nqi los xyuas kom meej qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom.
Hauv qab no yog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog kev npaj Polystyrene los ntawm cationic polymerization txoj kev.
(1) Kev npaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob muaj pes tsawg leeg:
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau kev npaj Polystyrene feem ntau muaj peb yam: monomer, pib, thiab tus neeg sawv cev daws. Lub monomer feem ntau yog styrene, tus pib tuaj yeem yog ammonium sulfate (NH4HSO4) lossis ammonium persulfate ((NH4) 2S2O8), thiab cov kuab tshuaj tuaj yeem yog dej lossis cov kuab tshuaj organic (xws li toluene lossis xylene). Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum sib tov cov khoom sib npaug ua ntej cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
(2) Pretreatment ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob:
Ua ntej cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntxiv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua ntej kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Ua ntej, lub reactor thiab rotary evaporator yuav tsum tau muab ntxuav kom huv si kom tsis txhob muaj cov impurities. Qhov thib ob, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau yaug nrog nitrogen kom tshem tawm cov pa oxygen, txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov pa oxygen los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus pib.
(3) Ntxiv tus pib:
Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau npaj txhij, tus pib tuaj yeem ntxiv. Rau ammonium sulfate, nws yog feem ntau yuav tsum tau yaj nws hauv dej ua ntej thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Rau ammonium persulfate, nws feem ntau yog decomposed rau hauv persulfate ions thiab ammonium ions, thiab ces ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
(4) Ntxiv cov monomers:
Thaum tus neeg pib twb muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, qhov sib ntxiv ntawm monomers tuaj yeem pib. Qhov sib ntxiv ceev ntawm monomers yuav tsum qeeb heev, feem ntau nyob rau ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm 2-3 teev. Yog tias cov monomer ntxiv sai heev, nws yuav ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polymerization tsis tuaj yeem thiab thaum kawg ua rau cov khoom siv polymerization ntau dhau, uas yuav cuam tshuam rau cov khoom ntawm cov khoom.
(5) Kev tiv thaiv kev nce qib thiab kev tswj hwm:
Thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polymerization, nws yog feem ntau yuav tsum tau tswj tsis tau xws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub, lub sij hawm, thiab monomer ntxiv tus nqi los xyuas kom meej qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom. Thaum ammonium sulfate siv los ua tus pib, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub feem ntau yog li ntawm 80 txog 100 degree C thiab lub sijhawm tuaj yeem kav ntev li ob peb teev. Thaum ammonium persulfate siv los ua tus pib, qhov kub thiab txias feem ntau nce mus rau ntawm 110-130 degree C.
(6) Kev sib cais, ua kom huv, thiab kuaj cov khoom:
Tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiav lawm, cov kuab tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yuav raug tshem tawm siv ib tug teb evaporator kom tau ib tug curable Polystyrene. Thaum kawg, cov khoom tuaj yeem raug ntxuav los ntawm cov kauj ruam xws li kev kho cov kua qaub thiab ua kom pom cov pa roj carbon monoxide. Cov khoom sib cais thiab huv si tuaj yeem raug kuaj lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg los txiav txim siab lawv cov khoom zoo thiab cov khoom siv.
3. Ion txauv txoj kev:
Txoj kev sib pauv ion yog lwm txoj hauv kev siv los ua ke ntawm polystyrene. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev sib pauv ion, polymer nrog anionic functional pawg yog siv los pauv cations los ua Polystyrene. Txoj kev sib pauv ion yog ib txoj hauv kev nrawm, ua tau zoo, thiab tus nqi tsim nyog rau kev sib txuas ntawm Polystyrene, uas tau txais kev saib xyuas thiab siv dav.
Polystyrene ion txauv txoj kev yog ib qho kev sib pauv ion feem ntau siv los tshem tawm lossis ua kom muaj cov ion tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev daws teeb meem. Txoj kev no ua tiav kev sib cais thiab kev ua kom huv los ntawm adsorbing ions los ntawm kev lim dej los ntawm ion pauv chaw hauv cov polymer. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav muab cov ncauj lus qhia ntxaws ntxaws txog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, kev siv cov kauj ruam, thiab qee qhov kev thov ntawm polystyrene ion pauv txoj kev.
Txoj Cai:
Txoj kev sib pauv polystyrene ion yog raws li ob lub hauv paus ntsiab lus: electrochemical theory thiab adsorption.
Electrochemical txoj kev xav: Cov chaw sib pauv hauv cov khoom sib pauv polystyrene ion muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ions, uas muaj cov nqi ionic thiab tuaj yeem ua rau electrostatic attraction lossis repulsion ntawm ions hauv electrolyte. Qhov kev sib cuam tshuam electrostatic no tuaj yeem ua rau tib hom ions ua ke los yog sib pauv cov ions sib raug.
Adsorption: Adsorption yog lub hauv paus ntawm polystyrene ion pauv txoj kev. Muaj ntau qhov chaw sib pauv hauv cov khoom sib pauv ion ntawm polystyrene, uas tuaj yeem muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg adsorption. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig adsorption sib raug, polystyrene ion txauv cov khoom tuaj yeem xaiv adsorb matched ions, yog li ua tiav kev sib cais thiab kev txhawb nqa.
Cov kauj ruam ua:
Kev siv cov kauj ruam ntawm kev sib pauv polystyrene ion tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv qab no:
(1) Kev kho mob ua ntej: Cov kab hloov pauv polystyrene ion tshiab yuav tsum tau kho ua ntej siv los tshem tawm cov khib nyiab thiab cov impurities thiab ua tiav kev ua haujlwm zoo. Txoj kev kho ua ntej muaj xws li ntxuav dej, ntxuav kua qaub, thiab ntxuav alkali
(2) Qauv ua ntej kev kho mob: lim los yog ntxuav cov qauv tshuaj kom tshem tawm cov khib nyiab thiab impurities. Yog tias tsim nyog, pH calibration thiab ntxiv tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav.
(3) Kev ua qauv: Cov qauv kev daws teeb meem tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm cov kab sib pauv polystyrene ion siv lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntws los yog siab. Cov ions nyob rau hauv lub polystyrene ion txauv kem yuav pauv nrog cov ions nyob rau hauv cov kev daws, thiab cov ions nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yuav raug tshem tawm, thaum lub ions nyob rau hauv cov khoom theem yuav enriched.
(4) Ntxuav: Cov txheej txheem kho yuav tsum tau ntxuav kom rov ua dua qhov chaw sib pauv thiab tshem tawm cov ions ntau dhau. Tus nqi pH ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav feem ntau yog tib yam li tus nqi pH tsim los rau cov khoom sib pauv polymer ion.
(5) Desorption: ions uas twb tau adsorbed nyob rau hauv polymer ion pauv txhua yuav tsum tau desorbed, feem ntau yog siv zog electrolyte concentrations thiab/los yog ntau dua polar solvents. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj muaj zog electrolyte xws li sodium chloride tov thiab ammonium chloride tov tuaj yeem siv rau kev ua haujlwm desorption.
(6) Kev tsim dua tshiab: Kev rov tsim dua tshiab ntawm polystyrene ion txauv kab yog nyob ntawm hom kev sib pauv khoom siv thiab feem ntau tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm ntau hom kev kho mob. Piv txwv li, siab concentration acid los yog alkaline daws yuav siv tau rau kev kho mob los kho lub peev xwm adsorption ntawm xws li ion pauv txhua. Tau kawg, cov tshuaj stimulating muaj zog yuav tsum tsis txhob siv kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom siv.
Txoj kev thov:
Txoj kev sib pauv polystyrene ion tau siv dav hauv thaj chaw ib puag ncig, biology, thiab tshuaj. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem siv rau kev sib cais thiab kev ua kom huv ntawm cov ntshiab lossis sib xyaw ions, nplua Bioseparation thiab purification, thiab kev npaj purification hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj. Qhov tshwj xeeb daim ntawv thov muaj xws li:
(1) Kev sib cais thiab kev nplua nuj ntawm ions
(2) Tshem tawm lossis txhawb cov noob lossis cov protein
(3) Sib cais Ionic Polymers
(4) Kev hloov kho thiab txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov qauv
(5) Siv rau kev kho cov txheej txheem dej
Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus, polystyrene ion pauv txoj kev yog ib qho tseem ceeb technology lug siv nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam thiab industrial chaw. Peb twb tau qhia txog kev siv cov txheej txheem no kom ntxaws. Peb cia siab tias tsab xov xwm no tuaj yeem muab kev nkag siab tob rau cov neeg nyeem thiab kev taw qhia, thiab ntxiv dag zog rau kev txhim kho thiab kev siv ntawm polystyrene ion exchange technology.
Cov saum toj no yog lub ntsiab synthesis txoj kev rau polystyrene. Cov txheej txheem no muaj qhov zoo sib xws thiab qhov tsis zoo, thiab cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb uas yuav tsum tau siv yuav tsum raug xaiv raws li qhov xav tau ntawm daim ntawv thov.