Chrysophanic acid, tseem hu ua 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione, yog cov khoom siv daj crystalline uas muaj zog dyeing zog thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob me me. Nws cov qauv tshuaj yog C15H10O4, uas yog cov organic compound, uas yog tshuaj lom neeg. Me ntsis soluble hauv dej, yooj yim dua soluble hauv ethanol thiab ether. Nws oxidizes yooj yim thiab decomposes thaum rhuab. Nws tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog dej, sodium hydroxide thiab potassium iodate, thiab lwm yam. Cov molecule ntawm Chrysophanic acid muaj ob pawg hydroxyl thiab ib pawg carbonyl, yog li nws muaj qee cov tshuaj hydroxyl thiab carbonyl. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog ammonia los ua fumarate, thiab nws tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog nitrous acid los tsim quinolines.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm Chrysophanic acid:
(1) Chrysophanic acid reacts nrog oxidizing agents: Chrysophanic acid tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog cov tshuaj oxidizing xws li hydrogen peroxide thiab sodium chlorate los tsim cov derivatives nrog cov oxidation ntau dua, xws li montmorillonite acid thiab dalianic acid.
(2) Chrysophanic acid reacts nrog ammonia: Chrysophanic acid reacts nrog ammonia los tsim fumarate, uas yog ib hom ntawm permeable molecule thiab kuj yog siv dav hauv cell kab lis kev cai, kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua neej thiab lwm yam.
(3) Chrysophanic acid reacts nrog nitrous acid: Chrysophanic acid reacts nrog nitrous acid los tsim ib tug compound nrog ib tug quinoline qauv, uas muaj cov nyhuv ntawm inhibiting mycelium kev loj hlob thiab bactericidal.
Cov txheej txheem synthesis ntawm Chrysophanic acid:
1. Kev rho tawm los ntawm cov tawv ntoo lossis cov nroj tsuag tsis meej: Qhov no yog txoj kev siv dav tshaj plaws ua ntej. Nws yuav tsum tau npaj cov kauj ruam yooj yim xws li distillation thiab purification ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thiab tus nqi kuj yog siab heev.
Cov kauj ruam tshwj xeeb yog raws li hauv qab no:
(1.) Pretreatment of bark or plant samples: Ua ntej, cov tawv ntoo qhuav los yog cov khoom cog yog crushed thiab sieved (kwv yees li 20 mesh). Tom qab ntawd noj 50g ntawm hmoov coj mus kuaj, ntxiv 800ml ntawm sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (0.5M) thiab 200ml dej, sib tov zoo.
(2.) Extraction ntawm Chrysophanic acid: Kub lub sib tov rau 70 degree thiab siv ib tug stirrer los do nws tusyees. Ntxiv 300 mL ntawm ethanol kom yaj thiab txuas ntxiv stirring rau 30 feeb. Thaum cov sib tov tau txias rau chav tsev kub, 300 ml ntawm n-hexane ntxiv thiab nplawm rau 5 feeb. Tom qab ntawd qhov sib tov tau tso tseg rau 10 feeb, theem n-hexane raug cais tawm thiab rov ua haujlwm dua. Hloov tag nrho cov theem n-hexane mus rau lub khob ntim khoom. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Chrysophanic acid nyob rau hauv qhov sib tov yog hais txog 4mg / ml.
(3.) Kev sib cais thiab purification los ntawm chloroform kem chromatography: lub Chrysophanic acid n-hexane theem tau pauv mus rau lub beaker thiab evaporated. Qhov tshwm sim residue tau yaj nrog me me ntawm chloroform. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau muab cais thiab ua kom huv los ntawm kev hla 10 cm ntev, 1 cm inch silica gel kem. Ua kem chromatography txheej los ntawm txheej siv chloroform / ethyl acetate (3: 1) raws li eluent nrog 5 mL ib txheej. Sau cov overlay ntawm Chrysophanic acid. Thaum kawg, nws tau yaj nrog chloroform / methanol sib tov kom tau purified Chrysophanic acid. Sau cov kua dej no thiab khaws cia rau hauv cov raj me me los yog lwm lub thawv airtight kom tau txais cov khoom zoo Chrysophanic acid.
Hauv kev xaus, cov saum toj no yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo heev los rho tawm Chrysophanic acid los ntawm cov tawv ntoo lossis cov nroj tsuag fuzzy. Txoj kev no yog qhov yooj yim thiab ua tau zoo, tsis tas yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv kim heev thiab cov khoom siv, thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom zoo Chrysophanic acid hauv cov khoom loj, muab cov ntaub ntawv zoo rau kev tshawb fawb tshuaj thiab tshuaj lom neeg.
2. Synthesis method: Synthesis method tam sim no yog ib txoj kev siv ntau tshaj plaws rau kev npaj Chrysophanic acid. Cov txheej txheem hluavtaws muaj xws li Ball-Smitt cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv epoxidation.
2.1 Pob-Smit cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Lub Pob-Smit cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog siv benzaldehyde thiab acetic acid los ua cov tshuaj dilute sulfuric acid los tsim cov benzaldehyde derivatives, thiab tom qab ntawd ua kom sov cov derivatives mus rau ib qho kub kom hnov mob nrog formaldehyde kom tau cov khoom nruab nrab 2, thiab tom qab ntawd siv cov oxidants xws li nitric acid. thiab nitrous acid los ua Chrysophanic acid yog tsim.
Cov hauv qab no yog cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb:
(1.) Ua ntej, peb yuav tsum tau npaj cov ntaub ntawv xav tau thiab cov tshuaj reagents. Peb xav tau cov tshuaj xws li resorcinol (1, 2-dihydroxybenzene), cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog heev isocyanate thiab hydrazine hydrate, sodium iodate, disodium persulfate, pob kws roj, concentrated sodium hydroxide, acetic acid, thiab chloroform. Cov tshuaj reagents no yog cov khoom siv raw thiab cov tshuaj reagents hauv chav kuaj.
(2.) Hauv qhov kev sim, peb yuav tsum ua thawj kauj ruam hauv Paul-Smitt cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: kev sib txuas ntawm p-disubstituted phenol. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev sib xyaw resorcinol nrog isocyanate thiab hydrazine hydrate thiab ua haujlwm ntawm chav sov li 8-12 teev. Lub sijhawm no, peb yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov kub thiab txias, thiab nws yuav tsum tsis txhob siab tshaj 40 degree, txwv tsis pub muaj kev phiv tshwm sim.
(3.) Tom qab ua tiav thawj kauj ruam, peb yuav tsum hloov nws mus rau 1, 8-naphthalene dioxide. Cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum tau ntxiv sodium iodate thiab disodium persulfate. Thaum ob cov tshuaj reagents no tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los ua kom sov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov dej da dej. Thaum kawg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, 1,8-naphthalene dioxide tuaj yeem tau los ntawm kev rho tawm xwb.
(4.) Tom qab tau txais 1, 8-naphthalene dioxide, peb yuav tsum tau rov ua dua hauv cov roj pob kws, tom qab ntawd ntxiv rau 1.5M sodium hydroxide kom pib hloov mus rau Chrysophanic acid. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yuav tsum tau cua sov ntawm 70 degree rau 90 feeb kom tiav. Lub sijhawm no, peb yuav tsum tswj qhov kub thiab tsis txhob cia qhov kub siab tshaj 70 degree, txwv tsis pub tus hloov pauv yuav txo qis.
(5.) Nyob rau hauv lub xeem kauj ruam, peb yuav tsum tau ua lub extraction rau Chrysophanic acid. Ntawm no, peb siv cov concentrated acetic acid thiab chloroform rau extraction. Tom ntej no, peb ntxiv concentrated cov extracted Chrysophanic acid los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum rotary kom tau ib tug purer khoom.
Cov saum toj no yog cov txheej txheem ntawm synthesizing Chrysophanic acid los ntawm cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws kauj ruam ntawm cov txheej txheem synthesis Ball-Smit cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias thaum lub sij hawm sim, peb yuav tsum paub qhov kub thiab txias, lub sij hawm tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj reagents siv nyob rau hauv txhua kauj ruam thiaj li yuav tau txais cov khoom zoo dua.
2.2 Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Epoxidation:
Cov reactant ntawm epoxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau yog 2-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv siv hydrogen peroxide los yog chromium trioxide los oxidize 2-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone los tsim cov oxidant, thiab tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau epoxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom tau Chrysophanic acid.
cov kauj ruam ntxaws:
(1.) Raw khoom npaj:
Kev sib txuas ntawm Chrysophanic acid yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv hauv qab no: anthraquinone, maleic anhydride, benzene, sulfuric acid, hypochlorous acid thiab sodium hydroxide, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw no yuav tsum raug ntsuas kom raug thiab npaj.
(2.) Kev npaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv epoxidation:
Pib los ntawm anthraquinone, 1,2-dihydroanthraquinone tau npaj los ntawm catalytic hydrogenation ntawm benzene; Tom qab ntawd, nws tau hnov mob nrog isopropanol thiab maleic anhydride los npaj cov tshuaj epoxy.
(3.) Txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv epoxidation:
Ib txoj kev txhim kho epoxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog sulfonation hloov kho epoxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. 1,2-dihydroanthraquinone yog precipitated nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid, uas yog ces reacted nrog sodium nitrite los tsim N-nitro-1,2-dihydroanthraquinone. Thaum kawg, cov khoom yog diluted nrog lub hauv paus thiab reacted los ua epoxy compounds.
(4.) Kev kho:
Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv epoxidation tsis haum, cov txiaj ntsig yuav txo qis. Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem no, qee qhov kev daws teeb meem hauv qab no tuaj yeem ua:
(4.1) Hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob: sim sib txawv catalysts thiab cov kuab tshuaj kom pom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo.
(4.2) Hloov lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: shortening los yog ncua sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam cov yield ntawm cov khoom.
(4.3) Hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub: txo qis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub tuaj yeem txo qhov tsim los ntawm cov khoom thiab ua kom cov khoom tawm los.
Hauv kev xaus, kev sib txuas ntawm Chrysophanic acid yuav tsum muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv epoxidation ua ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb. Cov txheej txheem ib txwm xav kom cov catalytic hydrogenation ntawm anthraquinone nrog benzene los npaj 1,2-dihydroanthraquinone, uas yog tom qab ntawd ua rau cov txiv neej anhydride los npaj cov tshuaj epoxy. Ib txoj kev txhim kho yog sulfonation-hloov epoxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem raug txwv los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab qee qhov kev ntsuas yuav tsum tau coj los txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Nyob rau hauv luv luv, raws li ib tug compound dav siv nyob rau hauv kev kho mob tshuaj, chemistry, biology thiab lwm yam liaj teb, Chrysophanic acid muaj ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab nws cov txheej txheem synthesis tseem niaj hnub tsim thiab txhim kho.