Permethrinyog ib qho tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws uas muaj nyob rau hauv pyrethroid tebchaw, uas yog kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau yam tshuaj tua kab mob acacia. Nws yog tsim los ntawm ob pyrethroid molecules txuas ua ke. Nws yog ib tug dav-spectrum thiab high-efficiency insecticide, uas yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb cov qoob loo, khoom vaj khoom tsev, tsiaj txhu thiab lwm yam liaj teb. Nws tuaj yeem npaj tau ntau txoj hauv kev, thiab tsib txoj kev hluavtaws tseem ceeb yuav raug qhia hauv kab lus no.
Synthetic method ib:
(1) Ua ntej, nws yuav tsum tau dechlorinate chloroform los tsim cyclopropylmethane;
(2) Condensation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cyclopropylmethane thiab ethyl 2, 2-difluoroacetate los tsim ethyl -bromopropionate;
(3) Ethyl -bromopropionate ntxiv rau cyanotetrahydrofuran rau epoxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los tsim oxidized cyclopropylpropionitrile;
(4) Ntxiv cyclopropylpropionitrile oxide thiab 3-phenylbenzaldehyde rau sodium hydroxide thiab formaldehyde rau condensation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los tsim cov saw hlau permethrin;
(5) Ntxiv cov saw zoo permethrin rau hydrogen oxide rau oxidation los tsim permethrin nrog -carbonyl.
Cov txheej txheem hluavtaws no yog qhov yooj yim, tab sis cov khoom tau txais tsis huv.
Synthetic method ob:
(1) Condensation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ethyl 3-bromopropyl{2}}, 2-difluoroacetate thiab cyclopropylene oxide los tsim 2-(3-bromopropionyloxy)cyclopropyl-2, 2-difluoroacetic acid ethyl ester;
(2) Ethyl 2-(3-bromopropionyloxy)cyclopropyl-2, 2-difluoroacetate ntxiv rau cyanotetrahydrofuran rau epoxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los tsim oxidized cyclopropylpropionitrile;
(3) Ntxiv cyclopropylpropionitrile oxide thiab 3-phenylbenzaldehyde rau sodium hydroxide thiab formaldehyde rau condensation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los tsim permethrin nrog δ-azido pawg;
(4) Hydrogenate permethrin nrog δ-azido los tsim cov intermediates;
(5) Siv cellulose proton pauv resin (CEX) rau kev xaiv hydrolysis kom tshem tawm pawg δ-azido kom tau permethrin.
Txoj kev sib xyaw no tuaj yeem tau txais cov ntshiab permethrin.
Synthetic method peb:
(1) Condensing 2-chloro-3,3,3-trichloropropionic acid nrog 2,2-difluoroethanol los tsim 2-chloro-3,3, 3-trichloro-1-propanol;
(2) Ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm 2-chloro-3,3,3-trichloro-1-propanol nrog hydrogen cyanide los tsim 2-(cyanohydroxymethyl)-3 ,3,3-trichloro-1 - propanol;
(3) Ntxiv 2-(cyanohydroxymethyl)-3,3,3-trichloro-1-propanol rau hauv tetrahydrofuran los teb nrog acetophenone los tsim permetrin nrog cyclopropenone qauv.
Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm txoj kev sib xyaw no yog cov txheej txheem yooj yim thiab kev siv cov tshuaj reagents txo.
Synthetic method plaub:
(1) Tshaj tawm cov roj chlorine rau hauv nitrobenzene los tsim chlorinated nitrobenzene;
(2) Condensation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm nitrobenzene chloride thiab epichlorohydrin nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tri-tert-butyl alumina los tsim cov khoom hloov pauv ob zaug;
(3) Ntxiv cov khoom hloov pauv ob npaug thiab nicotinamide rau sulfuric acid poob rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los tsim cov dimethylol substrate;
(4) Ua kom muaj kev sib tw tshuaj lom neeg ntawm dimethylol substrate thiab ethyl cyanide nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ethanol los tsim cypronitrile;
(5) Ntxiv cyclopropanenitrile thiab 3-phenylbenzaldehyde rau sodium hydroxide thiab formaldehyde rau condensation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los tsim permethrin.
Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm cov txheej txheem hluavtaws no yog tias cov txiaj ntsig siab thiab tsis muaj nitroso nruab nrab, tab sis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kuj hnyav heev.
Synthesis method 5:
(1) Sib tov ethyl 2, 2-difluoroacetate, epichlorohydrin thiab chloroform, thiab ntxiv rau perchloroalkane catalyst uas muaj ammonia lossis tetrahydrofuran los tsim tetrasubstituted acrylate;
(2) Ntxiv tetra-hloov acrylate rau boric acid undecyl ester catalyst rau lub nplhaib kaw cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los tsim permethrin;
(3) Ua kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm permethrin thiab ntxiv hydrogen oxide thiab formic acid los tsim permethrin nrog -carbonyl.
Qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem hluavtaws no yog kev lag luam zoo atom, siab yield, qis kev khiav hauj lwm kub thiab zoo heev regioselectivity.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev rau kev npaj ntawm permethrin, ntawm cov txheej txheem thib ob thiab thib tsib yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, nrog cov khoom lag luam siab purity thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yooj yim, uas tsim nyog rau kev sib xyaw ua ke loj. Tsis tas li ntawd, rau txhua txoj kev, nws qhov zoo, qhov tsis zoo thiab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb kuj yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab los xaiv cov qauv tsim nyog rau daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb.
Permethrin yog cov khoom siv hluavtaws uas muaj nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm cov kab mob co toxins (pyrethroid). Nws yog cov roj-soluble organic compound thiab yog UV-stabilized muaj. Lub compound tuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm chloroboron fluoride los yog oxygen tiv thaiv thiab muaj zog thiab zoo nyhuv. Permethrin yog dav siv los kho mites, scorpions, ntsaum, kab laug sab, kab laug sab, yoov tshaj cum thiab lwm yam kab tsuag, thiab tseem siv los tiv thaiv cov qoob loo.
Kev tshawb pom ntawm permethrin yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev tiv thaiv cov qoob loo thiab kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem. Thaum ntxov xyoo 1960, qhov loj-loj lom lom los ntawm organophosphorus tshuaj tua kab xws li cypermethrin tau ceeb toom tseem ceeb rau tib neeg kom xyuam xim rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab nrhiav kev tswj kom muaj kev nyab xeeb dua. Lub sijhawm ntawd, kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws tau nce nrawm heev, thiab Permethrin tau tshawb pom nrog rau kev tshawb nrhiav tshuaj tua kab tob zuj zus. Nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab thiab muaj cov kab mob muaj zog. Nws tuaj yeem tua cov kab tsuag zoo hauv ntau theem sib txawv xws li zoo li qub, muaj zog thiab cov larvae, thiab nws yog phooj ywg rau tib neeg, cov tsiaj tsis yog hom phiaj, thiab ib puag ncig, thiab muaj lub sijhawm luv luv tom qab siv.
Nrog rau qhov tob ntawm tib neeg txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm Permethrin, nws daim ntawv thov teb tau maj mam nthuav dav. Ntxiv nrog rau cov tshuaj tua kab, Permethrin tseem yog cov khoom siv tshuaj yoov tshaj cum, uas tuaj yeem siv los ua cov tshuaj yoov tshaj cum thiab tshuaj yoov tshaj cum kom tiv thaiv yoov tshaj cum los ntawm kev kis kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, biodegradation ceev ntawm Permethrin nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj yog ceev heev, thiab nws tsis muaj teeb meem rau ib puag ncig thaum noj ntau npaum li cas.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj pharmacological ntawm Permethrin kuj tau siv dav hauv kev tshawb nrhiav cov kab mob xws li Coccus pneumoniae thiab Enterobacteriaceae, uas tseem muaj cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws tab tom tsim, cov dej haus tsis huv, yog li qee cov kab mob cab kab mob feem ntau tshwm sim. Permethrin muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo hauv kev kho cov kab mob no.
Hauv ntej, kev tshawb pom ntawm Permethrin yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, kev tiv thaiv qoob loo thiab kev noj qab haus huv tib neeg. Txawm hais tias nws tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam xws li kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev kho mob, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tseem xav tau los tshawb xyuas nws cov ntawv thov ntau ntxiv thiab nws qhov cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig, tsiaj txhu, thiab tib neeg kom ntseeg tau tias nws muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab ua tau zoo.