Mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), feem ntau hu ua cinnabar los yog chalcosis, yog ib lub ci liab hexagonal siv lead ua compound uas muaj mercury thiab sulfur ntsiab. Nws kuj yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws mercury ore nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Nws yog lub npe nrov rau nws cov xim liab tiag tiag thiab zoo heev tshuaj lom neeg stability. Nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj thaum ub, nws tau dav siv los ua cov xim vermilion thiab number case, thiab tseem yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tshem tawm mercury. Nws yog insoluble nyob rau hauv dej thiab feem ntau acids, tab sis soluble nyob rau hauv aqua regia. HgS muaj nyob rau hauv ob hom isomorphous: sib nrug los ntawm qhov ruaj khov liab - daim ntawv (hexagonal crystal system), kuj tseem muaj ib qho dub - daim ntawv (cubic crystal system), hu ua dub cinnabar, uas muaj kev ruaj ntseg qis thiab tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv cov xim liab sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub teeb lossis kub. Cov compound no muaj qhov siab refractive index thiab siab ceev. Vim nws cov xim liab vivid, nws tau muaj nuj nqis heev thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov tshuaj toxicity feem ntau yog los ntawm cov khoom mercury uas nws muaj, thiab kev tiv thaiv tsim nyog yog tsim nyog thaum siv nws. Dhau li ntawm mineralogy thiab pigment keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb, nws kuj muaj peev xwm siv nyob rau hauv semiconductor thiab infrared optical cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub lub sij hawm.
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Chemical Properties
Stability thiab Reactivity
Mercury (II) sulfide nthuav tawm tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov thiab qhia tias tsis muaj zog ntawm feem ntau cov kua qaub thiab cov hauv paus. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, nws tsis hnov mob nrog dilute hydrochloric acid los yog sodium hydroxide daws. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv siab - qhov kub thiab txias, nws qhov kev ruaj ntseg raug cuam tshuam: thaum qhov kub siab tshaj 100-150 degree, yog tias nws los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog oxidative sib tov (xws li acidified potassium dichromate tov thiab concentrated sulfuric acid), HgS ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv decomposition, tsim cov mercury ntsev, cov khoom siv oxidized, thiab lwm yam. Cov cuab yeej no ua rau nws tsim nyog los tswj cov kev mob tshwm sim hauv kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb.
Isomorphous Variants thiab Phase Transitions
HgS muaj ob qhov sib txawv isomorphous ruaj khov: -HgS (liab hexagonal crystal system, cinnabar) thiab -HgS (dub cubic crystal system, dub cinnabar). Ob qhov kev hloov pauv no tuaj yeem dhau mus rau qhov hloov pauv hloov pauv tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias: thaum -HgS tau rhuab mus rau 250 degree, nws cov xim maj mam hloov mus rau xim av, thiab nws tag nrho hloov mus rau -HgS ntawm 386℃; thaum thaum -HgS txias, nws rov qab mus rau liab -HgS. Cov yam ntxwv hloov pauv theem no muaj peev xwm siv tau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, piv txwv li, rau kev tsim kho qhov kub thiab txias - cov ntaub ntawv kho qhov muag rhiab heev.
Semiconductor Properties
-HgS nthuav tawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ncaj qha ntawm 300K, nrog lub zog sib txawv ntawm 2.1 eV. Cov cuab yeej no ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tshawb nrhiav hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom siv optoelectronic, xws li siv los tsim cov cuab yeej infrared lossis photocatalysts. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj tshuaj lom ntawm mercury, nws daim ntawv thov semiconductor tseem nyob rau theem ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj thiab tseem tsis tau ua tiav kev lag luam.
Lub cev muaj zog
Qhov tsos thiab xim
Ob qhov sib txawv ntawm Mercury (II) sulfide muaj qhov sib txawv loj: -HgS nthuav tawm cov xim liab thiab feem ntau siv los ua cov xim; -HgS yog cov hmoov dub thiab muaj kev siv ntau dua. Cov xim sib txawv tshwm sim los ntawm kev teeb tsa ntawm Hg-S daim ntawv cog lus hauv cov qauv siv lead ua: hauv -HgS, Hg-S daim ntawv cog lus tau teeb tsa nyob rau hauv ib qho helical, uas ua rau xaiv qhov pom ntawm lub teeb pom kev; thaum nyob rau hauv -HgS, lub cubic qauv tso cai rau nws nqus spectrum los npog ntau yam.
Ceev thiab Melting Point
Qhov ceev ntawm HgS yog 8.10 g / cm³, nyob rau hauv siab - ntom ntom compound. Nws cov ntsiab lus melting yog 583.5 degree, tab sis nws yuav ua ntej decompose ua ntej melting, tsim mercury vapor thiab sulfur vapor. Cov yam ntxwv no yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm siab -kub los tiv thaiv mercury vapor to.
Solubility
Mercury (II) sulfide yuav luag insoluble hauv dej (nrog rau solubility ntawm 0.00001 g / L) thiab tseem nyuaj rau yaj nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov organic solvents. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tuaj yeem yaj hauv aqua regia (ib qho sib xyaw ntawm cov concentrated hydrochloric acid thiab concentrated nitric acid), tsim cov mercury soluble ntsev thiab sulfur oxidation khoom. Cov yam ntxwv solubility no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev kho mercury pollution, piv txwv li, los ntawm cov tshuaj los nag lossis daus los hloov cov mercury ions rau hauv HgS precipitate kom txo tau toxicity.
Txoj Kev Npaj
Direct Synthesis Method
Kev sib xyaw cov ntsiab lus mercury nrog cov hmoov sulfur hauv 1: 1 molar piv thiab reacting nyob rau hauv cov cua kub ncaj qha tsim HgS. Txhawm rau kom nrawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv, zinc hmoov tuaj yeem muab ntxiv ua ib qho catalyst. Txoj kev no yooj yim rau kev khiav lag luam, tab sis kev tswj xyuas nruj ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub yog yuav tsum tau kom tsis txhob muaj mercury vapor volatilization.
Txoj kev los nag
Dhau cov roj hydrogen sulfide rau hauv cov tshuaj ntsev ntsev (xws li cov tshuaj nitric mercury) ua rau dub -HgS precipitate. Txoj kev no tuaj yeem kho qhov me me thiab cov qauv ntawm cov khoom los ntawm kev tswj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (xws li pH tus nqi, qhov kub thiab txias), thiab tsim nyog rau me me - ntsuas qhov ntsuas.
Ntuj Mineral Purification
Extracting HgS los ntawm cinnabar ore yog txoj kev lag luam tseem ceeb. Los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo, kev sib tsoo, thiab cov txheej txheem flotation, siab -purity HgS pigments lossis tshuaj raw khoom tuaj yeem tau. Tuam Tshoj lub xeev Hunan thiab Guizhou yog cov neeg tsim khoom loj ntawm cinnabar, thiab lawv cov tshuab ua kom huv huv tau mus txog qib siab thoob ntiaj teb.
Cov cheeb tsam thov
Tsob Ntoo Pigments thiab Txheej
-HgS, vim nws cov xim liab tiag tiag thiab cov huab cua tiv thaiv zoo heev, yog siv dav hauv cov xim roj, ceramic glazes, thiab ntoo txheej. Piv txwv li, "cinnabar liab" siv los ntawm Renaissance painters originated los ntawm realgar. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj tshuaj lom ntawm mercury, nws daim ntawv thov xim tau maj mam hloov los ntawm cov xim organic lossis tsis yog -mercury inorganic pigments (xws li hlau oxide liab).
Tsob tshuaj
Hauv cov tshuaj suav tshuaj thiab Indian Ayurvedic tshuaj, realgar yog siv los ua tshuaj loog thiab detoxifying tus neeg sawv cev. Piv txwv li, "Jade Red Pill" yog tsim los ntawm HgS. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb toxicological niaj hnub tau lees paub tias cov tshuaj mercury tuaj yeem ua rau muaj mercury lom los ntawm kev nqus ntawm daim tawv nqaij los yog kev noj ntawm lub plab zom mov. Yog li, cov tshuaj uas muaj HgS tau raug txwv nruj lossis txwv tsis pub siv.
Industrial Catalysis thiab Materials Science
-HgS, vim nws cov qauv siv lead ua tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob semiconductor, tau tshawb nrhiav rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv catalytic thiab cov khoom siv photonic. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem siv los ua ib qho photocatalyst kom decompose dej rau hydrogen ntau lawm, los yog raws li ib tug rhiab txheej khoom rau infrared detectors. Txawm li cas los xij, nws daim ntawv thov tseem txwv los ntawm toxicity ntawm mercury thiab ib puag ncig txaus ntshai.
Mercury Pollution Control
HgS yog daim ntawv ruaj khov kawg ntawm kev pov tseg mercury. Los ntawm kev hloov cov mercury ions hauv dej khib nyiab rau hauv HgS precipitates los ntawm cov dej nag los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, cov tshuaj lom thiab kev txav ntawm cov mercury tuaj yeem txo qis. Tsis tas li ntawd, HgS tuaj yeem siv los kho mercury pollution hauv av, tiv thaiv nws los ntawm leaching rau hauv av los ntawm dej nag.
Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Kev Ntsuas Ib puag ncig
Mercury (II) sulfide yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg heev, nrog rau nws cov tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau yog los ntawm kev tso tawm mercury ions (Hg²⁺). Kev nqus cov mercury vapor los yog noj HgS hmoov tuaj yeem ua rau mob hnyav lossis mob mercury lom, nrog cov tsos mob xws li kev puas hlwb, lub raum tsis ua haujlwm, thiab ua pa tsis ua haujlwm. Lub Koom Haum Thoob Ntiaj Teb rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Mob Cancer (IARC) faib cov mercury thiab nws cov khoom sib xyaw ua pawg 2B carcinogens (tejzaum nws yog carcinogenic rau tib neeg).
HgS nyuaj rau degrade nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig thiab tuaj yeem sib sau los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus, ua rau lub sijhawm ntev - kev puas tsuaj rau lub ecosystem. Piv txwv li, HgS hauv cov dej hauv dej tuaj yeem hloov pauv los ntawm cov kab mob me me mus rau hauv methylmercury (CH₃Hg⁺), uas muaj zog lom lom lom thiab neurotoxicity thiab tuaj yeem nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev los ntawm cov ntses.
Thaum tuav HgS, daim npog qhov ncauj tiv thaiv, hnab looj tes, thiab tsom iav yuav tsum hnav kom tsis txhob muaj kev sib cuag ncaj qha. Cov khib nyiab yuav tsum tau ntim thiab muab pov tseg raws li cov cai tswj cov pov tseg pov tseg, xws li los ntawm - kub kub incineration lossis tshuaj stabilization kom txo tau cov mercury tso tawm. Cov kev cai tiv thaiv ib puag ncig ntawm ntau lub teb chaws (xws li European Union Txoj Cai Lij Choj Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob Tiv Thaiv RoHS) tau teeb tsa kev txwv nruj rau kev siv thiab emissions ntawm HgS.