Gluconic acid hmoov, molecular mis C6H12O7, CAS 526-95{10}}4, daj rau xim av kua. Yooj yim rau yaj hauv dej, me ntsis soluble hauv cawv, insoluble hauv ethanol thiab feem ntau cov kuab tshuaj organic. Aldehyde acid tsim los ntawm kev hloov 1 pawg aldehyde qabzib nrog ib pawg carboxyl. D- hom yog tsim los ntawm ntau qhov ntau los ntawm fermentation ntawm gluconicacidaqsoln los ntawm Aspergillus niger, Acetobacter xylinum, thiab Gluconobacter. Cov piam thaj oxidase tau los ntawm Penicillium tuaj yeem oxidize - D-glucose rau δ - glucuronide. Gluconicacidaqsoln, tseem hu ua dextrogluconic acid, yog qab zib acid tsim los ntawm oxidation ntawm aldehyde pawg hauv qabzib molecules rau carboxyl pawg nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tsis muaj zog oxidants los yog enzymes. Nws 6-phosphate ester yog ib qho nruab nrab ntawm oxidative decomposition ntawm qabzib hauv lub cev (pentose phosphate pathway). Nws tsim cov ntsev soluble nrog hlau ions xws li calcium thiab zinc, thiab siv los ua cov khoom noj thiab tshuaj. Nws kuj tseem siv tau los ua cov protein coagulant thiab zaub mov preservative rau zus tau tej cov gluconates, xws li sodium gluconate, poov tshuaj gluconate, calcium gluconate, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom no muaj qee yam tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm lom neeg thiab kev siv. Ua ntej, nws ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj lub cev lub zog metabolism. Los ntawm kev koom tes hauv cov txheej txheem metabolic xws li glycolysis thiab tricarboxylic acid voj voog, nws muab lub zog rau cov hlwb. Thib ob, nws tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ua antioxidant, pab tiv thaiv cov hlwb los ntawm kev puas tsuaj oxidative.
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Tshuaj Formula |
C6H12O7 |
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Exact Mass |
196 |
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Molecular Luj |
196 |
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m/z |
196 (100.0%), 197 (6.5%), 198 (1.4%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 36.74; H, 6.17; O, 57.09 |
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Gluconic acid hmoovyog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm ntuj gluconicacidaqsoln nrog ntau yam kev ua haujlwm lom neeg thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm daim ntawv thov dav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv biology, qhov twg nws daim ntawv thov muaj ntau haiv neeg.
Antioxidant nyhuv
Nws kuj muaj cov khoom antioxidant, pab tiv thaiv cov hlwb los ntawm kev puas tsuaj oxidative.
(1) Tshem tawm cov dawb radicals:
Dawb radicals yog cov nquag nquag molecules lossis atomic pawg tsim thaum lub sij hawm cellular metabolism, uas tuaj yeem tawm tsam biomolecules xws li DNA, proteins, thiab lipids hauv cell, ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cell qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm. Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov dawb radicals hauv cov hlwb thiab txo cov oxidative kev nyuaj siab rau cov hlwb los ntawm nws cov khoom txo.
(2) Txhim kho cov tshuaj antioxidant enzyme:
Antioxidant enzymes yog cov chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm cov enzymes hauv cov hlwb uas tuaj yeem ua rau kev tawg ntawm cov dawb radicals, yog li tiv thaiv cov hlwb los ntawm kev puas tsuaj oxidative. Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho cov haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes antioxidant thiab txhim kho lub cell tiv thaiv oxidative kev nyuaj siab.
Daim Ntawv Thov Hauv Kev Lag Luam Khoom Noj
Nws muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv kev lag luam zaub mov, feem ntau yog cov zaub mov acidifier thiab preservative.
(1) Khoom noj khoom haus acidifier:
Nws muaj qhov tshwj xeeb qaub saj thiab kev ntxhib los mos, thiab siv dav hauv cov khoom noj, dej haus, jams, thiab lwm yam khoom noj los txhim kho saj thiab tsw ntawm zaub mov.
(2) Preservatives:
Lawv muaj peev xwm inhibit qhov kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm microorganisms, thiab yog li ntawd yuav siv tau raws li preservatives rau zaub mov preservation thiab ncua lub neej txee.
Daim Ntawv Thov Hauv Kev Lag Luam Pharmaceuticals
Nws kuj tseem muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv thov kev lag luam, feem ntau yog cov tshuaj excipients thiab cov ntaub ntawv raw rau kev npaj cov tshuaj hauv qhov ncauj, txhaj tshuaj thiab lwm yam tshuaj.
(1) Pharmaceutical excipients:
Nrog zoo solubility thiab stability, lawv yuav siv tau raws li cov tshuaj excipients los npaj ntau npaum li cas cov ntaub ntawv, xws li ntsiav tshuaj, tsiav tshuaj, txhaj tshuaj, thiab lwm yam.
(2) Kev npaj cov tshuaj qhov ncauj thiab txhaj tshuaj:
Nws tuaj yeem siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj los yog cov tshuaj stabilizers los npaj cov ntaub ntawv ntau npaum li cov tshuaj hauv qhov ncauj thiab txhaj tshuaj, txhim kho cov tshuaj solubility thiab stability, thiab yog li txhim khu kev siv tshuaj thiab kev nyab xeeb.
Daim ntawv thov hauv Detergent, Polymer thiab lwm yam teb
Nws kuj yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam xws li detergents, polymers, pharmaceuticals, thiab kev tsim kho kev lag luam.
(1) Detergent:
Nws tuaj yeem siv los hloov cov tshuaj ntxuav polyphosphate thiab muaj peev xwm ntxuav tau zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm ib puag ncig.
(2) Polymer:
Nws tuaj yeem siv los ua monomer lossis crosslinking tus neeg sawv cev rau cov polymers los npaj ntau yam -cov ntaub ntawv polymer ua tau zoo.
(3) Pharmaceutical:
Cov ntsev calcium, ferrous ntsev, bismuth ntsev, thiab lwm cov ntsev ntawm cov tshuaj no tau siv dav hauv kev kho mob, thiab nws cov hlau complexes kuj tseem siv tau los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov hlau ions hauv alkaline systems.
(4) Kev tsim kho kev lag luam:
Nws tseem tuaj yeem siv los ua cov yas yas, biodegradable chelating agent, thiab lwm yam, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam.
Tam sim no, cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ntawmGluconic acid hmoovlos ntawm cov piam thaj feem ntau suav nrog kev lom neeg fermentation, homogeneous tshuaj oxidation, electrolytic oxidation thiab heterogeneous catalytic oxidation.
Txoj kev no siv cov oxidation ntawm cov kab mob los tsim cov gluconicacidaqsoln los ntawm cov piam thaj, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua fungal fermentation, kab mob fermentation, fungal fermentation, immobilized cell thiab immobilized enzyme fermentation. Tam sim no, Aspergillus niger fermentation, immobilized hlwb thiab immobilized enzymes tau dav siv. Nws yog ib txoj kev tsim nyob rau hauv 1960s. Cov txheej txheem immobilization ntawm cov enzymes (hlwb) tuaj yeem faib ua plaub hom: adsorption method, covalent coupling method, cross-txoj kev txuas thiab embedding method.
Txoj kev adsorption: enzyme immobilization yog ua tiav los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntawv cog lus thib ob ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom thiab cov enzyme nto.
Covalent coupling txoj kev: Nws muab cov active sab saw pab pawg neeg ntawm cov enzyme nrog cov pab pawg neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm cov cab kuj los ntawm covalent bonds, thiaj li mus cuag cov kev ua ntawm immobilizing lub enzyme. Qhov no txoj kev ntawm immobilizing lub enzyme qhia tau hais tias zoo stability, thiab yog conducive rau kev siv tas li ntawm enzyme.
Txoj kev sib txuas sib txuas: Nws yog hais txog kev siv cov bifunctional lossis multifunctional pawg reagents los hla kev sib txuas thiab choj enzyme molecules, uas yooj yim rau inactivate.
Cov txheej txheem embedding muaj xws li daim phiaj embedding, microencapsulated embedding thiab liposome embedding. Txoj kev embedding tuaj yeem tau txais kev ua haujlwm enzyme ntau dua vim tias cov enzyme nws tus kheej tsis koom nrog cov tshuaj binding tshuaj; Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hlwb immobilized thiab immobilized enzymes raug txwv, yog li kev siv cov pa oxygen loj heev, thiab kev txhim kho cov pa oxygen hloov pauv yog qhov teeb meem loj.
Yog li ntawd, kev tsim thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab enzyme immobilization nrog kev ua tau zoo thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov txheej txheem yooj yim thiab cov tswv yim immobilization yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb immobilized enzyme tam sim no. Hauv xyoo tas los no, biocatalysis kuj tau tsim los tsim gluconicacidaqsoln. Txoj kev no siv daim nyias nyias los lim tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom acid, thiab hloov cov kua qaub los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv lub sijhawm, txo qhov inhibition ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom (acid) ntawm catalyst (cov kab mob). Piv nrog rau cov txheej txheem ib txwm siv, kev rov ua dua ntawm cov kab mob ua kom cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kab mob, yog li ua kom cov qoob loo.
Tam sim no, peb lub teb chaws feem ntau siv fermentation los tsim calcium gluconate, thiab tom qab ntawd siv calcium gluconate los ua ke gluconicacidaqsoln los ntawm kev sib pauv ion, evaporation thiab concentration, thiab crystallization.
Txoj kev fermentation lom neeg yuav tsum tau muaj ntau yam txheej txheem xws li kab lis kev cai, tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab ua kom tsis muaj menyuam, thiab muaj cov kev cai nruj ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, ntau yam los ntawm - khoom, thiab lub voj voog ntev. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov purity ntawm gluconicacidaqsoln cov khoom raug cuam tshuam vim qhov sib ntxiv ntawm impurities xws li cov hlwb thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov gluconicacidaqsoln, yog li nws txoj kev loj hlob sai yuav tsum tau daws ntau yam teeb meem.
Muaj ob lub tswv yim ntawm homogeneous tshuaj oxidation: ib qho yog txwv tsis pub muaj peev xwm oxidation ntawm oxidants (xws li sodium hypochlorite thiab hydrogen peroxide) los ntawm kev kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom muaj zog alkaline tej yam kev mob, thiaj li oxidize aldehyde pawg ntawm qabzib rau carboxyl pawg; Qhov thib ob yog Cannizarro mechanism tau npaj los ntawm Ashida li al. rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov piam thaj mus rau gluconicacidaqsoln thaum ntxiv hydrogen ion txais (qee ketones, alkenes thiab oxygen yog tsim nyog hydrogen ion txais nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm Raney Ni). Hydrogen peroxide thiab sodium hypochlorite tau siv los ua oxidants, thiab yields 70% thiab 90%, feem. Qhov kev sim ntsuas kev lag luam tau ua tiav.
Txawm li cas los xij, homogeneous tshuaj oxidation txoj kev yuav tsum nruj me ntsis tswj cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub active Cheebtsam ntawm lub catalyst nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas yog nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias pH tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj. Muaj ntau cov kauj ruam nruab nrab, ntau yam los ntawm - khoom, thiab nws nyuaj rau cais cov khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsev siv los ua cov catalyst yog qhov nyuaj rau rov tsim dua tshiab, thiab cov txiaj ntsig tsawg. Lub sij hawm tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ntev thiab ib puag ncig muaj kuab heev.
Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm electrolysis txoj kev, lub synthesis ntawm gluconicacidaqsoln los ntawm electrolytic oxidation yuav muab faib mus rau hauv ncaj qha electrolytic synthesis, indirect electrolytic synthesis thiab "paired electrolysis" synthesis. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, ib tug npaum li cas ntawm cov kua qab zib yog ntxiv rau hauv lub electrolytic cell, thiab ces ib tug tsim nyog electrolyte yog ntxiv. Cov piam thaj yog electrolyzed thiab oxidized nyob rau hauv tej yam kub, voltage thiab qhov ceev tam sim no. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog kom tau txais qhov tsim nyog "oxidation nruab nrab" los ntawm electrolysis, thiab tom qab ntawd siv qhov "oxidation nruab nrab" los oxidize qabzib los tsim gluconicacidaqsoln.
Piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem indirect electrolytic synthesis yog siv qhov nruab nrab hauv lub xeev txo kom tsim tau qhov nruab nrab hauv lub xeev oxidation ntawm lub anode. Cov piam thaj reacts nrog qhov nruab nrab generated nyob rau hauv lub xeev oxidation los tsim gluconicacidaqsoln, thiab qhov nruab nrab rov qab mus rau qhov qub txo lub xeev. Ob qho tib si ncaj qha electrolytic synthesis thiab indirect electrolytic synthesis react nyob rau hauv lub anode cheeb tsam, thaum lub "paired electrolytic synthesis" txoj kev reacts nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si cathode thiab anode cheeb tsam tib lub sij hawm, yog li cov electrolytic efficiency kuj siab.
Cov electrolytic oxidation ntawm gluconicacidaqsoln tau ua lag luam txawv teb chaws, tab sis nws tseem nyob rau theem kev sim hauv tsev. Ruthenium yog plated ntawm titanium ua cov electrode ua haujlwm. Qhov ceev tam sim no yog 0.18A / m, cov piam thaj concentration yog 0.02 mol / L, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub yog 50 degree, thiab qhov nruab nrab concentration yog 0.2 mol / L.
Raws li qhov xwm txheej no, qhov ua tau zoo tam sim no (kev siv hluav taws xob theoretical ib chav mole ntawm gluconicacidaqsoln tsim / siv lub zog tiag tiag rau ib chav tsev mole ntawm gluconicacidaqsoln generated) tuaj yeem ncav cuag 76.50%, thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sib piv yog qhov zoo, uas yuav tsum paub txog kev sim ua haujlwm. Txawm hais tias txoj kev electrochemical oxidation kov yeej qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev fermentation lom thiab homogeneous oxidation txoj kev, xws li ntau los ntawm - cov khoom thiab cov txheej txheem, nws siv lub zog loj hauv kev tsim khoom, thiab cov xwm txheej nyuaj rau kev tswj, yog li nws tsis tshua muaj siv hauv kev tsim khoom.
Kev npaj ntawm gluconicacidaqsoln los ntawm heterogeneous catalytic oxidation yog oxidize qabzib rau cov kua qaub los ntawm kev ntxiv cov theem catalyst ntawm cov hlau txhawb rau hauv cov kua qabzib, thiab tom qab ntawd siv O ua oxidant.
Tam sim no, kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev tseem nyob hauv chav kuaj. Qee cov kev tshawb fawb qhia txog txoj kev sib txuas thiab cov txheej txheem ntws ntawm catalytic oxidation ntawm gluconicacidaqsoln. Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov txiaj ntsig kev xeem, kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom tau ua tiav. Kawm Pd Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Co/C catalyst, XPS thiab BET qhia tau hais tias qhov sib ntxiv ntawm c0 hloov cov qauv ntawm cov catalyst thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txo qis Pd, yog li txhim kho kev hloov pauv thiab xaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (kev hloov pauv ntawm cov piam thaj nce mus txog 92% thiab kev xaiv ntawm cov catalyst yog 94%).
Heterogeneous catalytic oxidation txoj kev tuaj yeem ua kegluconic acid hmoovnyob rau hauv ib kauj ruam xwb, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tej yam kev mob me me (cua sov atmospheric, ze rau chav tsev kub), cov tawm los yog siab, los ntawm - cov khoom muaj tsawg, cov khoom yog ib qho yooj yim mus cais, thiab cov catalyst tuaj yeem rov ua dua. Nws yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev sib txuas ntawm gluconicacidaqsoln. Txawm li cas los xij, kev kawm ruaj khov ntawm Pd hlau catalyst tseem xav tau qee lub sijhawm kom tau txais cov tshuaj zoo. Txawm hais tias Au catalyst ua rau qhov tsis txaus ntawm Pd catalyst, nws tseem xav tau qee qhov kev tshawb fawb rau kev lag luam.
FAQ
Dab tsi yog gluconic acid siv rau?
Gluconic Acid yog ib qho khoom siv electrolyte siv hauv tag nrho cov khoom noj khoom haus parenteral. Feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv ntsev nrog sodium thiab calcium. Gluconic acid los yog gluconate yog sivlos tuav cov cation-anion tshuav nyiaj li cas ntawm cov tshuaj electrolyte.
Puas yog gluconicacidaqsoln muaj kev nyab xeeb hauv zaub mov?
Gluconic acid thiab gluconatestej zaum yuav siv los ua ib qho additive nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov feem ntau thiab tsis muaj tus nqi siab tshaj plaws.
Puas yog gluconicacidaqsoln tus neeg sawv cev chelate?
Gluconic acid yog ib txwm muaj - tshwm sim, organic carboxylic acid. Cov kua qaub thiab nws cov derivatives yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj, tshuaj pleev ib ce, tshuaj ntxuav, thiab khoom noj khoom haus.Nyob rau hauv alkaline tov, nws yog ib tug muaj zog chelate tus neeg sawv cev rau hnyav hlau anions.
gluconicacidaqsoln ua dab tsi hauv lub cev?
Glucuronic acid yog ib qho metabolite ntawm qabzib uas koom nrogdetoxification ntawm xenobiotic tebchaw thiab cov qauv/remodeling ntawm extracellular matrix.
Cim npe nrov: Gluconic Acid Hmoov CAS 526-95-4, lwm tus neeg, manufacturers, hoobkas, lag luam wholesale, yuav, nqe, tej, kev muag khoom