Crotonic acid hmoovyog ib qho unsaturated carboxylic acid nrog cov tshuaj formula C4H6O2, CAS 107-93-7, Qhov hnyav molecular yog 86.09g/mol, thiab nws yog ib tug tsis muaj kob los yog daj daj crystalline. Qhov siab dua qhov purity, qhov ntau pob tshab xim. Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, nws nthuav tawm ib lub teeb crystal morphology thiab zoo nkaus li huv si. Nws tuaj yeem yaj hauv ntau cov kuab tshuaj, suav nrog dej, ethanol, methanol, chloroform, thiab lwm yam. Ntawm lawv, dej, raws li cov kuab tshuaj ntau tshaj plaws, tuaj yeem tsim hydrogen bonds, txhawb kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm intermolecular, thiab yog li nce solubility. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov polar molecules, lawv cov solubility hauv cov kuab tshuaj tsis muaj polar yog tsawg.
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Tshuaj Formula |
C4H6O2 |
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Exact Mass |
86 |
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Molecular Luj |
86 |
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m/z |
86 (100.0%), 87 (4.3%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 55.81; H, 7.03; O, 37.17 |
Molecular Properties: Cov qauv txiav txim siab ua haujlwm
Physical thiab Chemical Properties
Crotonic acid hmoov tshwm li dawb mus rau daj daj crystals nrog ib tug melting point ntawm 70-73 degree, boiling point ntawm 180-181 degree, thiab ceev ntawm 1.02 g / cm³. Nws cov trans ob daim ntawv cog lus (E-configuration) confers ib tug qauv molecular qauv, thaum lub polarity ntawm pawg carboxyl ua rau nws yooj yim soluble nyob rau hauv dej (solubility ~ 10 g / 100 mL ntawm 25 degree) thiab feem ntau cov organic solvents (xws li ethanol, diethyl ether). Crotonic acid muaj pKa ntawm 4.69, qhia txog kev sib cais ntawm ib feem ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab thiab kev koom tes hauv cov kua qaub{14}} cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv paus. Nws LogP tus nqi ntawm 0.85 qhia txog lipophilicity nruab nrab, yooj yim rau kev thauj mus los.
Tshuaj Reactivity
Cov nyhuv conjugated ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus thiab pawg carboxyl confers ob leeg olefinic thiab carboxylic acid reactivity rau crotonic acid:
Ntxiv Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv: Qhov ob daim ntawv cog lus tau txais hydrogenation (ua butanoic acid), halogenation (ua 2,3-dihalobutyric acid), thiab hydroxylation (ua 3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid). Piv txwv li, crotonic acid reacts quantitatively nrog bromine nyob rau hauv carbon tetrachloride kom tawm los 2,3-dibromobutyric acid.
Oxidation Reactions: Cov pab pawg carboxyl tuaj yeem oxidized rau crotonic anhydride (melting point 102-104 degree) los yog ntxiv cleaved rau carbon dioxide thiab acrylic acid. Ob daim ntawv cog lus kuj tseem tuaj yeem oxidized los ntawm cov oxidizing muaj zog (piv txwv li, potassium permanganate) rau pawg carboxyl, yielding succinic acid.
Polymerization Reactions: Ob daim ntawv cog lus koom nrog radical polymerization los tsim polycrotonic acid; pawg carboxyl tau dhau los ua esterification nrog cawv kom tawm tau cov kua qaub esters (piv txwv li, methyl crotonate, boiling point 138-140 degree).
Isomers thiab Kev Nyab Xeeb
Crotonic acid exists as a cis isomer (isocrotonic acid), but the trans structure is more stable due to steric hindrance. Its safety data (oral LD50 in rats >2000 mg / kg) qhia tias muaj kev mob toxicity tsawg. Txawm li cas los xij, kev raug mob ntev ntev tuaj yeem ua rau tawv nqaij thiab ua pa, yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm hauv qhov chaw zoo - qhov cua.
kho mob plawv
Crotonylates qhia tau tias muaj peev xwm kho mob plawv, txhim kho myocardial contractility, thiab ua cov tshuaj thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev rau lub plawv nres los ntawm kev tswj cov kev hloov kho crotonylation hauv cardiomyocytes. Lawv cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb thiab kev ua haujlwm yog raws li hauv qab no:
I. Kev hloov kho Crotonylation: Lub Molecular Hloov rau Kho Kho Mob
Crotonylation yog post- kev hloov pauv kev txhais lus uas tswj cov protein ua haujlwm los ntawm covalently txuas ib pawg crotonyl (C₄H₇O₂) rau lysine residues. Hauv plawv, qhov kev hloov kho no feem ntau yog tsom rau ob chav kawm ntawm cov proteins:
Histones
Crotonylation hloov cov qauv chromatin, ua rau DNA nkag tau yooj yim dua. Qhov no pab txhawb kev nkag mus los ntawm kev hloov pauv cov ntsiab lus thiab RNA polymerase II rau cov cheeb tsam txhawb nqa, yog li ua kom muaj cov noob qhia. Piv txwv li, tom qab myocardial raug mob, nce histone crotonylation yuav tiv thaiv cardiomyocytes los ntawm alleviating oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab o los ntawm upregulating antioxidant noob (xws li, SOD, glutathione) los yog anti- inflammatory noob (xws li, NF-κB inhibitors).
Tsis yog-histones (piv txwv li, mitochondrial proteins, cytoskeletal proteins)
Cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias tom qab-kev raug mob ischemic reperfusion (I/R), uas tsis yog-histone crotonylation ua rau nce thiab nce hauv mitochondria thiab cytoskeletal proteins. Mitochondria ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog metabolism, thaum cytoskeletal proteins tswj cov cell morphology thiab contractile muaj nuj nqi. Crotonylation tuaj yeem txhim kho myocardial contractility los ntawm kev txhim kho mitochondrial muaj nuj nqi (xws li, txhawb ATP synthesis) los yog stabilizing cytoskeletal protein cov qauv.
II. Kev Kho Mob Mob Nkeeg: Los ntawm Mechanism mus rau Pov Thawj
Tsiaj Studies Support
Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Wei Jianrui pab neeg ntawm Guangzhou Medical University Tsev Kho Mob tau pom tias simulating crotonylation ntawm qhov chaw hloov pauv lossis ua rau lub lauj kaub -crotonylation nrog sodium crotonate nce cardiomyocyte ciaj sia thiab txhim kho lub plawv dhia. Qhov kev tshawb pom no qhia txog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tsis yog -histone crotonylation hauv kev kho mob plawv.
Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los ntawm pab pawg coj los ntawm Wang Kun (Qingdao University) thiab Tian Jinwei (Harbin Medical University) tau qhia tias crotonylation ntawm K238 qhov chaw ntawm NAE1 (ib pawg tswj hwm ntawm NEDD8- ua kom cov enzyme E1) cuam tshuam rau actin depolymerization kev ua si thiab cytoskeletal remodeling (SN) Kev hloov kho, yog li pab txhawb rau pathological hypertrophic cardiomyopathy kev loj hlob. Qhov no muab lub hom phiaj kho tshiab rau kev kho mob plawv tsis ua hauj lwm.
Kev kuaj mob
Crotonate ntsev tuaj yeem cuam tshuam myocardial fibrosis (scar tsim tom qab mob plawv) thiab rov qab lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm los ntawm kev hloov kho crotonylation. Piv txwv li, cov nroj tsuag- raws li cov khoom noj (nplua nuj nyob rau hauv crotonic acid precursors) tau qhia reversal ntawm lub plawv fibrosis nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj kev tshawb fawb, qhia hais tias crotonate ntsev yuav ua los ntawm zoo xws li cov mechanisms.
Txhim kho Myocardial Contractility: Los ntawm Molecular rau Systemic
Calcium Ion Regulation
Myocardial contraction cia siab rau cov calcium ion extracellular (Ca²⁺) influx. Crotonylation tuaj yeem txhim kho myocardial contractility los ntawm kev cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm calcium channel proteins (piv txwv li, L- hom calcium channels) lossis calcium- tswj cov proteins (piv txwv li, troponin), yog li nce Ca²⁺ influx lossis ua kom nws ntev.
Zog Metabolism Optimization
Crotonyl-CoA, ib qho nruab nrab hauv fatty acid -oxidation, tej zaum yuav muaj nws cov qib crotonylation tswj los ntawm cellular zog. Los ntawm kev ua kom zoo ntawm mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, crotonylates muaj peev xwm txhim kho lub zog rau cardiomyocytes, txhawb kev ua haujlwm muaj zog ntau dua.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
● Rescue Mechanisms:
Thaum lub plawv nres, myocardial hlwb sai sai deterioration vim ischemia thiab hypoxia. Crotonate tuaj yeem siv nws txoj kev cawm dim los ntawm txoj hauv qab no:
Rapid Induction ntawm Crotonylation: Exogenous supplementation ntawm crotonate sai elevates crotonylation theem nyob rau hauv myocardial hlwb, activating tiv thaiv gene qhia (xws li, antioxidant thiab anti- inflammatory genes) kom txo tau ischemia -reperfusion raug mob.
● Cytoskeletal Stabilization: Nyob rau hauv cov neeg kho tshuab kev ntxhov siab vim los ntawm lub plawv nres, crotonylation hloov kho tej zaum yuav stabilize cytoskeletal proteins, tiv thaiv myocardial cell rupture thiab yuav lub sij hawm rau resuscitation tom ntej.
● Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Kho Mob:
Tsiaj cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias sodium crotonate txhim kho lub plawv ua haujlwm, qhia tias muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj xwm txheej ceev. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev sim tshuaj ncaj qha rau lub plawv nres, yuav tsum muaj kev lees paub ntxiv ntawm nws txoj kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ua tau zoo.
downstream khoom los ntawm copolymerization
Crotonic acid, raws li kev hloov pauv kev ua tau zoo, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv qab los ntawm copolymerization nrog monomers xws li vinyl acetate. Cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb thiab cov teebmeem muaj raws li hauv qab no:
hauv Coatings
Enhanced Adhesion: Ntxiv 1% crotonic acid rau polyvinyl acetate coatings markedly txhim kho cov txheej adhesion rau substrates. Qhov no tshwm sim vim hais tias ob daim ntawv cog lus thiab carboxyl pawg nyob rau hauv crotonic acid molecules tsim muaj zog tshuaj bonds nrog substrate nto, yog li pab txhawb txheej adhesion.
Txhim kho Gloss: Raws li cov roj- hloov pauv tus neeg sawv cev kom qhuav, crotonic acid txhim kho cov txheej txheej gloss. Nws cov molecular ob daim ntawv cog lus pab tsim kom muaj ib qho zoo sib xws thiab smoother txheej txheej, yog li ua kom cov txheej txheej gloss.
hauv Cosmetics
Muab Styling thiab Brightening Effects: Crotonic acid-vinyl acetate copolymers nthuav tawm cov qauv zoo nkauj, thickening, thiab ci ci, ua rau lawv siv dav hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv patent thov los ntawm L'Oréal France, cov copolymer no tau ua hauj lwm los tsim cov gel- cov dej formulations uas txhim kho cov plaub hau brightness thaum tso cai yooj yim zuag - los ntawm lub sij hawm styling.
Lub Rooj Sib Tham Cov Kev Xav Tau Zoo: Cov copolymer yuav tsum yog homogeneous, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm crotonic acid structural units nyob rau hauv lub polymer saw sib txawv tsis ntau tshaj ± 2.5% los xyuas kom meej kom zoo nkauj zoo thiab stability.
hauv Adhesives
Thaum tshav kub kub Resistance thiab Bonding Strength: Crotonic acid-vinyl acetate copolymer exhibits zoo heev -kub tsis kam, ua rau nws nquag siv los ua ib tug kub - yaj nplaum nyob rau hauv bookbinding. Nws tiv thaiv tshav kub tso cai rau cov nplaum kom muaj kev sib txuas ruaj khov txawm tias nyob hauv qhov chaw siab - qhov kub thiab txias.
Daim ntawv thov dav dav: Los ntawm kev sib xyaw tshwj xeeb, crotonic acid-vinyl acetate copolymer tuaj yeem ua ke nrog lwm yam tshuaj, ua cov nplaum rau phab ntsa, laminate bonding, thiab ntau dua. Lawv qhov kev sib txuas zoo tshaj plaws ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau sib txawv ntawm cov nplaum nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw.
Copolymerization Mechanism thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm Txhim Kho Cov Cai
Copolymerization Reaction: Crotonic acid thiab vinyl acetate daim ntawv copolymer los ntawm cov txheej txheem xws li emulsion polymerization los yog ncua kev kawm ntawv polymerization. Thaum lub sij hawm copolymerization, ob daim ntawv cog lus thiab carboxyl pawg ntawm crotonic acid hnov mob nrog cov vinyl pawg ntawm vinyl acetate, tsim cov nyiaj ruaj khov covalent.
Performance Enhancement Mechanism: Kev koom ua ke ntawm crotonic acid structural units hloov cov polymer cov qauv molecular thiab physicochemical zog. Piv txwv li, ob daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv crotonic acid txhawb nqa ib txheej txheej ntau dua, txhim kho gloss. Lub caij no, pawg carboxyl ntxiv dag zog rau cov tshuaj sib txuas ntawm polymer thiab substrate, yog li txhim kho adhesion zog.
kev npaj xwm txheej ceev
Crotonic acid, raws li cov tshuaj corrosive thiab flammable, yuav tsum muaj kev soj ntsuam kev pheej hmoo thiab kev cia / tsheb thauj mus los raws li peb yam: kev noj qab haus huv, kev phom sij ib puag ncig, thiab hluav taws kub / tawg. Kev ua raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib cais, kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias, tiv thaiv -polymerization, thiab kev npaj thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev yog qhov tseem ceeb. Cov hauv qab no yog ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas ntxaws:
Kev soj ntsuam kev pheej hmoo
Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb
Irritation: Ua rau khaus heev rau qhov muag, tawv nqaij, mucous daim nyias nyias, thiab ua pa sab sauv. Kev nqus pa tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob laryngeal thiab bronchial spasms, o, edema, lossis txawm tias muaj tshuaj lom neeg mob ntsws lossis pulmonary edema. Cov tsos mob ntawm kev sib cuag yuav muaj xws li kub hnyiab, hawb pob, hnoos, laryngitis, ua tsis taus pa luv, mob taub hau, xeev siab, thiab ntuav.
Toxicity: Qhov ncauj LD50 hauv nas yog 1000 mg / kg; dermal LD50 hauv guinea npua yog 600 mg / kg. Muab faib ua toxicity tsawg, tab sis pom muaj zog hauv zos irritation; kev sib cuag ncaj qha yuav tsum zam.
Environmental Hazards
Tej zaum yuav ua rau ntev - cuam tshuam rau lub neej hauv dej thiab av ib puag ncig. Tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj dej paug los yog av.
Hluav taws kub thiab tawg txaus ntshai
Flammability: hmoov tov nrog cua tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom tawg. Ignition los ntawm qhib nplaim taws, kub kub, los yog oxidizers yuav ua rau combustion los yog tawg.
Decomposition Products: Thermal decomposition yuav tso tawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide (xws li, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide), ua rau hluav taws kub.
Kev khaws cia thiab kev thauj mus los
Kev Cai cais tawm
Muaj zog Alkalis thiab Peroxides: Crotonic acid yog acidic corrosive. Kev sib cais nruj me ntsis ntawm cov alkalis uas muaj zog (xws li sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide) thiab peroxides (xws li hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide) kom tsis txhob muaj kev kub ntxhov (xws li, exothermic neutralization, oxidative decomposition).
Oxidizing Agents: Txwv tsis pub co- khaws cia lossis co- thauj nrog cov oxidizing agents (piv txwv li, poov tshuaj permanganate, nitrates) los tiv thaiv ignition lossis tawg.
Kev Tswj Kub Kub
Cia Kub: Khaws rau hauv qhov chaw txias, qhov dej zoo- qhov cua kom deb ntawm qhov hluav taws kub thiab qhov chaw kub. Pom zoo cia kub tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 30℃los tiv thaiv decomposition los yog polymerization vim kub siab.
Kev Thauj Kub Kub: Ua kom ruaj khov ambient kub thaum thauj, zam kom tsis txhob raug tshav ntuj ncaj qha lossis kub siab.
Kev tiv thaiv -Polymerization Measures
Inhibitor Ntxiv: Crotonic acid tuaj yeem ua rau tus kheej -polymerization thaum khaws cia. Ntxiv cov inhibitors tsim nyog (xws li, hydroquinone, hydroquinone) kom stabilize cov qauv molecular.
Container Sealing: Khaws rau hauv cov thawv kaw kom tsis txhob ya raws lossis impurities los ntawm kev nkag mus thiab ua rau polymerization, thaum tseem tsis txhob muaj kev hloov pauv vim evaporation.
Ntim thiab Labeling
Cov ntaub ntawv ntim khoom: Siv corrosion-resistant, zoo- ntim ntim (xws li, iav fwj, nruas yas) kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj.
Kev Sau Npe: Cov thawv ntim khoom yuav tsum muaj daim ntawv lo GHS05 corrosive hazard, qeb phom sij (Class 8.1 Acidic Corrosive), cov lus cim "Danger," thiab cov nqe lus pheej hmoo (xws li R21/22, R34).
Teb ceev xwm ceev
Cov lus teb:
Isolation Zone: Tam sim ntawd cais thaj chaw nchuav. Txwv tsis pub cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis pub dhau yam tsawg 50 meters (kua) lossis 25 meters (khoom).
Neutralization/Absorption: Npog cov khoom uas nchuav nrog lub ntiaj teb qhuav, xuab zeb, lossis tsis yog -combustible absorbent. Tsis txhob tso dej ncaj qha (kom tsis txhob muaj dej paug). Sau thiab xa mus rau cov thawv ntim khoom pov tseg.
Kev Tiv Thaiv Tus Kheej: Cov neeg tuav tes yuav tsum hnav cov tshuaj lom neeg - tiv thaiv cov hnab looj tes tiv thaiv, thiab looj tsom iav kom tsis txhob sib cuag ncaj qha.
Kev tua hluav taws:
Cov Tshuaj tua hluav taws: Siv cov hmoov qhuav, carbon dioxide, lossis cawv- ua npuas ncauj. Tsis txhob siv dej ncaj qha (tej zaum yuav ua kom hluav taws kub).
Kev khiav tawm thiab kev cais tawm: Kev khiav tawm sai sai mus rau thaj chaw nyab xeeb, tuav txoj haujlwm nce siab kom tsis txhob nqus cov pa phem.
First Aid:
Tiv tauj daim tawv nqaij: Tshem tawm cov khaub ncaws uas tsis huv tam sim ntawd thiab yaug nrog cov dej ntau ntau rau tsawg kawg 15 feeb. Nrhiav kev kho mob yog tias tsim nyog.
Kev Tiv Thaiv Qhov Muag: Nqa daim tawv muag thiab yaug kom huv si nrog dej los yog dej ntsev rau 15 feeb. Nrhiav kev kho mob.
Inhalation: Txav mus rau huab cua ntshiab tam sim ntawd. Khaws cov pa kom huv si. Muab cov pa oxygen yog ua pa nyuaj. Ua pa tawm dag zog yog tias ua pa nres. Nrhiav kev kho mob.
Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv: Yaug qhov ncauj nrog dej. Haus mis nyuj los yog qe dawb los tiv thaiv kab mob plab. Nrhiav kev kho mob.
Cov lus nug nquag
Crotonic acid tsw zoo li cas?
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Nws tsw yogzoo ib yam li ntawm butyric acid. Tsuas yog qhov uas tau sau tseg, cov ntaub ntawv raug muab rau cov ntaub ntawv hauv lawv lub xeev tus qauv (ntawm 25℃[77℃F], 100 kPa).
Dab tsi yog kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm crotonic acid?
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TSEEM CEEB
Crotonic Acid tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau koj thaum ua pa tawm.tawv nqaij tawv thiab qhov muag khaus thiab kub hnyiab. * Ua pa Crotonic Acid tuaj yeem ua rau lub qhov ntswg, caj pas thiab lub ntsws ua rau hnoos thiab / lossis ua pa luv.
Cov kua qaub twg hu ua huab tais ntawm cov kua qaub?
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Lo lus "queen of acids" feem ntau yog hais txogsulfuric acid(H₂SO₄). Nws muaj npe nrov rau nws cov khoom muaj zog acidic, nws lub peev xwm los ua tus neeg ua kom lub cev qhuav dej, thiab nws siv dav hauv kev lag luam. Sulfuric acid yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv ntau cov txheej txheem tshuaj thiab yog lub hauv paus rau ntau daim ntawv thov kev lag luam.
Cim npe nrov: Crotonic acid hmoov CAS 107-93-7, lwm tus neeg, manufacturers, hoobkas, lag luam wholesale, yuav, nqe, tej, kev muag khoom