Sodium carbonate, tseem hu ua soda tshauv, tseem hu ua baking soda lossis dej qab zib los ntawm qee tus neeg hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Hnub no, kuv tau tshaj tawm ib tsab xov xwm kom paub qhov txawv cov npe tsis meej pem.
1. Dej qab zib
Soda yog transliteration ntawm dej qab zib, thiab nws cov tshuaj formula yog Na2CO3. Nws muaj ntau lub npe. Nws lub npe tshawb fawb yog sodium carbonate thiab nws lub npe nrov yog soda tshauv. Cov dej siv lead ua yog hu ua hydrated sodium carbonate, suav nrog sodium carbonate monohydrate (Na2CO3 · H2O), sodium carbonate heptahydrate (Na2CO3 · 7H2O) thiab sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3 · 10H2O).
Ntawm peb hom dej qab zib, sodium carbonate yog siv dav tshaj plaws. Nws yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb thiab cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau iav, xab npum, textile, papermaking, tanning thiab lwm yam lag luam. Nws kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv metallurgical kev lag luam thiab purified dej. Nws tseem tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm lwm cov tshuaj sodium. Raws li thaum ntxov xyoo pua 18th, nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim -- peb cov kua qaub thiab ob lub hauv paus, ua ke nrog sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid thiab caustic soda. Hauv lub neej niaj hnub, dej qab zib kuj muaj ntau yam siv. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha los ua tshuaj ntxuav tes. Thaum steaming steamed qhob cij, ntxiv ib co dej qab zib rau neutralize cov acidic tshuaj uas tsim nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem fermentation.
2. Baking soda
Cov tshuaj formula ntawm ci dej qab zib yog NaHCO3. Nws kuj muaj ntau lub npe. Nws lub npe scientific yog sodium bicarbonate. Nws tseem hu ua hnyav sodium carbonate lossis acid sodium carbonate. Ntxiv nrog rau baking soda, muaj baking soda, fermentation soda thiab hnyav alkali.
Baking soda yog dawb crystal, soluble nyob rau hauv dej, thiab cov aqueous tov yog weakly alkaline. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua kub, nws muaj peev xwm decompose maj mam, tso ib feem ntawm carbon dioxide; Ua tiav cov pa roj carbon dioxide thaum rhuab mus rau 270 degree:
Nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov kua qaub (xws li hydrochloric acid) tso tawm carbon dioxide:
Cov khoom ntawm ci dej qab zib no ua rau nws muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim khoom thiab lub neej. Hauv kev tua hluav taws, nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv raw uas tsim cov pa roj carbon dioxide; Hauv kev lag luam zaub mov, nws yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm fermentation hmoov; Nws tseem yog cov khoom siv raw hauv kev tsim cov dej qab zib txias; Kev kho mob, nws yog ib hom tshuaj kho mob gastric acid ntau dhau.
3. Bicarbonate ntawm dej qab zib
Baking soda yog lub npe nrov ntawm sodium thiosulfate, tseem hu ua hypo. Cov hydrate muaj tsib crystal dej (Na2S2O3 · 5H2O), yog li nws tseem hu ua sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate.
Baking soda yog cov xim tsis muaj xim thiab pob tshab, uas yooj yim soluble hauv dej, thiab cov kua dej aqueous yog qaug zog alkaline. Nws poob dej crystal vim huab cua hauv huab cua qhuav saum 33 degree.
Nws yog qhov ruaj khov nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab alkaline kev daws teeb meem thiab yuav decompose sai hauv acidic daws:
Sodium bicarbonate muaj zog complexing peev xwm thiab muaj peev xwm tsim complex nrog silver bromide:
Raws li cov cuab yeej no, nws tuaj yeem siv los ua tus kho. Thaum lub sij hawm ntxuav, ntau dhau ntawm sodium bicarbonate reacts nrog cov nyiaj bromide nyob rau hauv qhov tsis photosensitive ib feem ntawm qhov tsis zoo los hloov nws mus rau hauv soluble, thiab AgBr raug tshem tawm los txhim kho qhov tsim.
Baking soda kuj muaj qhov txo qis, uas tuaj yeem txo cov tshuaj chlorine thiab lwm yam tshuaj:
Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev dechlorination rau bleached paj rwb ntaub. Ib yam li ntawd, iodine stains ntawm cov ntaub tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm nrog nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, ci dej qab zib kuj yog siv rau tanning tawv, electroplating thiab rho nyiaj los ntawm ore.
Peb hom saum toj no yog peb feem ntau siv "sodas". Tsis tas li ntawd, qee zaum "smelly soda" tau hais.
Odorous soda yog lub npe nrov ntawm sodium sulfide, nrog rau cov tshuaj formula ntawm Na2S, tseem hu ua ntxhiab alkali, daj alkali thiab sulfide alkali. Nws muaj ntxhiab tsw phem. Soluble nyob rau hauv dej txias, soluble heev nyob rau hauv dej kub, me ntsis soluble nyob rau hauv cawv.
Sodium sulfide yog ib qho inorganic compound, thiab ntshiab sodium sulfide yog cov hmoov tsis muaj xim crystalline. Nws muaj zog noo noo nqus thiab yooj yim soluble hauv dej. Cov tshuaj aqueous qhia tau hais tias muaj zog alkaline cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Kev kub hnyiab tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum kov cov tawv nqaij thiab plaub hau. Yog li, sodium sulfide feem ntau hu ua alkali sulfide.
Sodium sulfide tuaj yeem tawg vim muaj kev cuam tshuam lossis cua sov sai, thiab nws cov khoom siv tshuaj tsis ruaj khov. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm acid, nws yuav tso tshuaj lom hydrogen sulfide gas:
Sodium sulfide tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev lag luam dyeing los tsim sulfur dyes. Nws yog cov khoom siv ntawm sulfur xiav thiab sulfur xiav. Dyeing thiab luam ntawv kev lag luam yog siv los ua ib qho kev pab dye rau dissolving sulfur dyes. Hauv kev lag luam tawv, nws yog siv rau hydrolyzing kom tshem tawm cov plaub hau los ntawm raw hides, thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv kev lag luam, nws yog siv raws li ib tug ua noj ua haus tus neeg sawv cev rau ntawv. Nws tseem tuaj yeem siv los ua mordant rau paj rwb ntaub dyeing hauv kev lag luam textile thiab antipyretic hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj. Sodium sulfide kuj tseem siv tau rau kev kho cov txheej txheem hauv electroplating ncaj qha. Colloidal palladium sulfide yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm sodium sulfide thiab palladium los tsim cov txheej txheem zoo ntawm cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau.