Sodium carbonate, tseem hu ua soda tshauv, yog cais raws li ntsev, tsis alkali. Nws tseem hu ua dej qab zib lossis dej qab zib tshauv hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb inorganic chemical raw khoom, feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov iav ca, iav khoom thiab ceramic glaze. Nws kuj yog siv dav hauv kev ntxuav hauv tsev, acid neutralization thiab ua zaub mov.
Kev txhim kho keeb kwm ntawm sodium carbonate yuav tsum pib los ntawm thawj qhov kev lag luam dej qab zib. Kev lag luam dej qab zib tshauv tau pib thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Nrog rau cov kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev hloov ntawm cov khoom siv raw rau Soda Ua, cov tshuab tsim cov dej qab zib tshauv (Na2CO3) tau tsim sai heev, thiab cov khoom siv ntau lawm feem ntau ua rau cov khoom loj, tshuab thiab automated. Nyob rau hauv 1983, lub ntiaj teb no zis ntawm soda tshauv yog hais txog 30mt. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm soda tshauv kev lag luam, Fabkis n. lublanc, Belgian E. Solvay thiab Suav houdebang tau ua haujlwm zoo heev.
Ua ntej cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov dej qab zib tshauv, nws tau pom nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm uas cov tshauv hlawv los ntawm ib co seaweeds tom qab ziab muaj alkali. Tom qab soaking thiab lim nrog dej kub, xim av alkali tov tuaj yeem tau los ntxuav. Ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm tej yam ntuj tso alkali los ntawm minerals, feem ntau faus underground los yog alkaline dej pas dej. Lub ntuj alkali ore nyob rau hauv sedimentary txheej muaj qib siab tshaj plaws thiab yog dav faib. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws ntawm soda tshauv tau tsim thawj zaug hauv Fabkis. Lublanc siv mirabilite, limestone thiab thee kom txo tau thiab carbonate ntawm qhov kub thiab txias kom tau txais cov khoom nyoos dub tshauv uas muaj Na2CO3. Tom qab leaching, evaporation, refining, recrystallization thiab ziab, hnyav soda tshauv nrog ib tug purity ntawm txog 97 feem pua. Xyoo 1861, ernestolvy ntawm Belgium tau tsim cov dej qab ntsev ib leeg thiab tau txais patent. Txij li thaum kev tiv thaiv kev tsis pub lwm tus paub tsis tau siv dav, nws tau ua tiav los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas hauv xyoo 1920. Tshwj xeeb, houdebang, tus kws tshaj lij tshuaj lom neeg muaj npe nrov hauv Suav teb, tau luam tawm phau ntawv "soda tshauv tsim" hauv xyoo 1932, uas yuav khaws cia rau 70 xyoo. Txoj kev Solvay tau luam tawm hauv ntiaj teb. Houdebang kuj tau tsim tsa lub tsev alkali ua txheej txheem los ntawm 1939 txog 1942, thiab tsim ib qho kev cog qoob loo hauv Sichuan. Xyoo 1952, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev ua haujlwm alkali tau teeb tsa hauv Dalian Chemical Plant. Txoj kev Na qhia los ntawm Asahi nitrate cov chaw muag khoom hauv Nyij Pooj yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm bicarbonate alkali thiab ammonia alkali. Qhov piv ntawm dej qab zib tshauv rau ammonium chloride tuaj yeem hloov kho ntawm qhov xav tau.
Nyob rau hauv 1783, Fabkis Academy ntawm Sciences muab nqi zog ntawm 1200 francs rau txoj kev ntawm manufacturing soda tshauv. Nyob rau hauv 1789, Lubran, tus kws kho mob ntawm feudal lord Duke of Orleans, Fabkis, tau ntse tsim ib txoj kev ua dej qab zib. Nyob rau hauv 1791, nws tau txais ib daim ntawv pov thawj thiab tsim ib tsob ntoo soda nrog cov zis txhua hnub ntawm 250 ~ 300kg. Ntxiv rau lub rooj ntsev, cov khoom siv raw siv hauv cov txheej txheem Lubran soda muaj xws li concentrated sulfuric acid, charcoal thiab limestone. Cov txheej txheem ntau lawm yog raws li nram no:
① Kauj Ruam 1: siv cov concentrated sulfuric acid los hloov lub rooj ntsev rau hauv sodium sulfate:
② Kauj Ruam 2: Kub sodium sulfate, charcoal thiab limestone ua ke nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg. Sodium sulfate reacts nrog charcoal nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg los tsim sodium sulfide thiab carbon monoxide:
③ Kauj Ruam 3: sodium sulfide reacts nrog limestone los tsim sodium carbonate thiab calcium sulfide:
Txoj kev tsim khoom Lubran alkali tau tsim muaj keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau noob neej, tab sis nws kuj muaj ntau yam tsis txaus. Piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv cov khoom theem, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tsis tu ncua tsim nrog concentrated sulfuric acid raws li raw khoom, cov khoom yog heev corroded, cov khoom tsis zoo, cov calcium sulfide yog tsis yooj yim soluble nyob rau hauv dej. , cov slag precipitated yog muab pov tseg, cov ntaub ntawv raw tsis siv tag nrho, tus nqi yog siab, thiab HCI, CO thiab lwm yam gases generated, ua rau ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug. Teeb meem los ntawm cov kev tsis txaus no, xyoo 1861, Belgian Solvay tau ua sodium carbonate thiab sodium carbonate los ntawm ntsev, limestone thiab ammonia Calcium chloride, qhov no yog ammonia alkali txoj kev. Cov kauj ruam tshuaj tiv thaiv yog raws li nram no:
CO2 thiab NH3 tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem rov qab siv los ua cov khoom siv raw.
Tag nrho cov qauv tshuaj tiv thaiv yog CaC03ntxiv 2NaCl ===NaCl2plus Na2CO3
Txawm hais tias txoj kev ua cov dej qab zib no yooj yim dua thiab ib puag ncig zoo dua li Lubran soda ua txoj hauv kev, paub txog kev tsim khoom tas mus li, txhim kho kev siv ntsev ntau, thiab muaj tus nqi qis, nws muaj kev siv tsawg ntawm cov khoom siv raw thiab ua rau ntau tus los ntawm -cov khoom siv nrog tus nqi qis Qhov tsis txaus ntawm CaCl2 tseem haunt neeg, thiab txawv teb chaws muaj kev tswj hwm nruj heev rau daim ntawv no. Tuam Tshoj tau txwv tsis pub dhau lub sijhawm ntev vim tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev siv tshuab.
Thaum kawg, houdebang tau tsim txoj kev ua dej qab zib ua ke hauv xyoo 1943, tseem hu ua houdebang soda making method, uas yog siv los ua dej qab ntsev hauv kev lag luam. Nws tsoo cov kev thaiv ntawm txawv teb chaws lub teb chaws nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd, thiab ntxiv txhim kho cov efficiency ntawm soda ua. Nws tau dhau los ua txoj kev siv dej qab zib ntau hauv ntiaj teb. Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb yog raws li hauv qab no: ntxiv CO2 rau hauv saturated ammonia ntsev dej (ammonia thiab sodium chloride yog cov tshuaj saturated) los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qab no
Cov tshuaj sib npaug tshuaj sib npaug yuav tsum yog:
Sodium bicarbonate nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog precipitated vim nws tsis tshua muaj solubility, uas yuav tsum tau ntxiv calcined thiab decomposed rau hauv sodium carbonate, dej thiab carbon dioxide, uas carbon dioxide tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rov siv dua. Raws li qhov kev siv qis ntawm cov ntsev ntsev, tus nqi siab ntawm Soda Making, ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug los ntawm cov kua khib nyiab thiab cov khoom seem thiab cov teeb meem hauv kev kho mob, Mr. houdebang tau ua tiav txoj kev sib xyaw ua ke Soda Making Method hauv 1943 tom qab ntau txhiab qhov kev sim. Cov txheej txheem tshiab no yog tsim cov nroj tsuag ammonia thiab cog alkali ntawm -- rau kev sib koom ua ke. Ammonia cog muab ammonia thiab carbon dioxide xav tau los ntawm cov nroj tsuag alkali. Ammonium chloride hauv niam cawv yog crystallized los ntawm kev ntxiv cov ntsev ntsev ua cov khoom siv tshuaj los yog chiv. Cov tshuaj ntsev tuaj yeem rov ua dua. "kev sib xyaw ua ke" nyob rau hauv lub npe hu ua "kev sib xyaw alkali ua txoj kev" txhais tau hais tias txoj kev sib txuas cov khoom siv ammonia kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam alkali ua ke, ua rau kev siv cov khoom siv CO2 thaum lub sij hawm ammonia ntau lawm, tshem tawm kev siv cov limestone decomposition rau. ntau lawm, thiab simplifies cov khoom siv ntau lawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem ua ke caustic soda kuj zam kev tsim cov calcium chloride, uas tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov khoom hauv cov txheej txheem ammonia caustic soda. Hloov chaw, ammonium chloride, uas tuaj yeem siv tau los ua chiv, yog siv los ua kom rov qab los, uas txhim kho kev siv ntsev, txo cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, txo cov pa phem rau ib puag ncig, txo tus nqi ntawm cov dej qab zib tshauv, thiab txhawb kev nce qib. kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Hough's Soda ua cov txheej txheem yog ua kom cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv, thiaj li nthuav dav; Qhov thib ob, txoj kev no tsis pib nrog cov khoom ammonium bicarbonate, tab sis siv ntsev brine kom nqus ammonia ua ntej thiab tom qab ntawd carbonate rau kev tsim khoom tas mus li. Vim tias txoj kev no tsis xav tau ntsev nruab nrab los ua tus neeg sawv cev pabcuam, tus nqi yuav raug txo. Xyoo 1952, Tuam Tshoj tau tsim 10t / D pilot cog rau kev sib xyaw alkali ntau lawm hauv Dalian Chemical Plant, uas tau txhim kho nyob rau hauv 1957. Cov txheej txheem ntws ntawm thawj ntsev ntxiv, theem nrab ammonia absorption thiab thawj carbonation tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sim, thiab cov khoom siv xaiv thiab kev ua haujlwm indexes tau lees paub. Nyob rau hauv 1964, lub loj-scale ua ke soda cog tau ua tiav thiab muab tso rau hauv kev lag luam hauv Dalian Chemical Industry Company.
Vim yog tus nqi siab ntawm cov ntsev tuaj txawv teb chaws, Nyiv yuav tsum nrhiav txoj hauv kev tshiab los txhim kho kev siv ntsev. Xyoo 1950, lub chaw muag khoom ntawm Asahi nitrate tau tsim muaj 30t / D ua ke dej qab zib cog hauv Mushan tshuaj cog. Nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 1959, nws tau pib tsim ib qho tshiab cog soda cog hauv Chiba tshuaj tsob nroj, nrog ib hnub tso tawm ntawm 300t soda tshauv thiab ammonium chloride, hu ua AC txoj kev. Hauv xyoo 1970, kev tsim cov ammonium chloride hauv Nyij Pooj tau dhau los. Ntxiv rau qhov rov pib dua qee qhov kev tsim tawm ammonia alkali, Asahi saltpetre tau tsim cov txheej txheem Asahi tshiab, tseem hu ua NA txheej txheem. Tus yam ntxwv ntawm Xinxi txheej txheem yog tias cov zis ntawm ammonium chloride tuaj yeem hloov kho. Qhov ntau tshaj ammonium chloride nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam tuaj yeem ncaj qha distilled nrog txiv qaub kua txiv kom rov zoo ammonia. Yog li ntawd, kev noj ntawm chav thiab txiv qaub yog tsawg dua li cov txheej txheem ammonia alkali. Tus nqi ntawm cov kua khib nyiab yog txo kom ze li 1/3 ntawm cov txheej txheem ammonia alkali. Qhov concentration ntawm calcium chloride hauv cov kua khib nyiab tuaj yeem nce 2.5 npaug, thiab kev siv cov ntsev ntsev tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau dua 95 feem pua. Cov txheej txheem Xinzu kuj tau txhim kho zoo hauv carbonization, crystallization thiab lwm yam txheej txheem thiab cov khoom siv.
Txog tam sim no, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sodium carbonate tau coj cov duab dav dav. Tom qab ntawd, tib neeg tau ua qee qhov kev txhim kho me me hauv kev ua raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm kev siv, yog li muab nws siv rau ntau lub sijhawm.