Quinine(Quinolinetxuas:https://www.bloomtechz.com/synthetic-chemical/api-researching-only/pure-quinine-powder-cas-130-95-0.html) yog cov khoom ntuj tsim thawj zaug los ntawm tsob ntoo Cinchona hauv Peru. Nws yog dawb crystalline khoom nrog ib tug iab saj. Cov tshuaj formula: C20H24N2O2, CAS 130-95-0. Nws yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob malarial, uas plays lub luag haujlwm kho mob los ntawm inhibiting cov metabolism hauv roj ntsha thiab cov txheej txheem sporulation ntawm Plasmodium. Nws kuj muaj cov leeg nqaij relaxant thiab antipyretic zog. Nws yog thawj zaug pom los ntawm cov neeg Mev nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th thiab siv los kho malaria. Nyob rau hauv lub lig 18th thiab thaum ntxov 19th centuries, kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev siv ntawm Quinine tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev daws teeb meem ntawm malaria. Nws kuj yog siv los ua ib qho additive nyob rau hauv dej haus, imparting ib tug iab saj thiab ib tug tshwj xeeb tsw. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws kuj tseem siv los ua cov khoom xyaw hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce los muab cov tshuaj tsw qab thiab cov teebmeem fluorescent.
1. Cov txheej txheem natural synthesis:
Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws synthesis ntawm quinine yog los ntawm extraction los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso. Quinine yog thawj zaug muab rho tawm los ntawm cov tawv ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo Peruvian (Chinchona). Cov txheej txheem extraction muaj xws li bark sau, sib tsoo thiab soaking extraction. Quinine ces cais los ntawm distillation thiab crystallization.
1.1. Cov khoom pib:
Lub synthesis ntawm quinine feem ntau yog pib los ntawm cov khoom pib tsim nyog xws li cinnamaldehyde lossis lwm yam sib xyaw nrog cov qauv zoo sib xws.
1.2. Michael ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Thawj kauj ruam hauv kev sib txuas ntawm quinines feem ntau yog Michael ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, cov khoom pib reacts nrog ib tug electrophilic txais, xws li nitrone, tsim ib yam khoom.
1.3. Aldol condensation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Tom ntej no, ib qho aldol condensation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua kom condense ob daim ntawv cog lus nrog aldehyde pawg los tsim ib qho nruab nrab nrog lub nplhaib qauv.
1.4. Bromination / hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Ib qho halogen atom yog nkag los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv bromination. Tom qab ntawd, hauv kev hloov pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, lub halogen atom yog hloov nrog cov reagent tsim nyog los tsim ib pab pawg ua haujlwm tshiab.
1.5. Cyclization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cyclization, cov molecule maj mam txav mus rau cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm Quinine los ntawm kev tsim cov pa roj carbon-carbon tshiab thiab cov qauv nplhaib.
1.6. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation:
Cov pa oxygen atoms tau qhia los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation los tsim cov khoom uas muaj cov qauv quinoline.
1.7. Rov ua dua cyclization thiab hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Txhawm rau nce qhov nyuaj ntawm quinines, ntau lub voj voog thiab kev hloov pauv yuav tsum tau tsim cov nplhaib tshiab thiab cov pab pawg ua haujlwm.
1.8. Txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Los ntawm kev txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov pab pawg ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb raug txo qis rau hydroxyl lossis amino pawg los tsim cov qauv ntawm Quinine.
Thov nco ntsoov tias txij li Quinine yog cov khoom siv ntuj tsim, cov txheej txheem hluavtaws yog rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sim ua haujlwm nkaus xwb. Kev lag luam uas siv tau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tsis pub leej twg paub thiab yuav muaj kev tiv thaiv patent.
2. Synthesis txoj kev ntawm phthalic anhydride:
Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm niaj hnub quinine synthesis. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv phthalic anhydride synthesis txoj kev yog raws li nram no:
Kauj Ruam 1: Esterification ntawm Phthalic Acid thiab Acetic Anhydride:
Ua ntej, phthalic acid thiab acetic anhydride reacted nyob rau hauv acidic tej yam kev mob los tsim phthalic anhydride esters. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yuav tsum tau siv cov kua qaub uas muaj zog xws li sulfuric acid ua cov catalyst.
Reaction formula:
C8H6O4ntxiv rau C4H6O3 → C8H4O3ntxiv rau C2H4O2
Kauj Ruam 2: Phthalate ketone tau txais kev txo qis, catalyzed los ntawm hydrogen thiab platinum catalysts, kom tau txais 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetyl-1, 3-cyclohexanedione (3-Hydroxy -4-methoxyacetyl -1, 3-cyclohexanedione).
Reaction formula:
C8H4O3plus NaNO2→ Phthalic Nitroanhydride ntxiv rau C2H3NaO2
Kauj Ruam 3: Los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv protonation thiab condensation, cov khoom tau txais hauv cov kauj ruam dhau los yog cyclized los tsim Benzofuran.
Kauj Ruam 4: Hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm o-nitrobenzoic anhydride thiab ether reagent:
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm o-nitrobenzoic anhydride thiab ether reagents (xws li ethylene glycol dimethyl ether) nyob rau hauv alkaline tej yam kev mob, ib tug hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, los tsim phthalic anhydride.
Reaction formula:
Phthalic Nitroanhydride ntxiv rau C6H14O3 → C8H4O3ntxiv rau C6H5TSIS MUAJ2plus CH4O plus C2H6O2
Kauj Ruam 5: Cov tshuaj sulfated yog raug rau lub hauv paus-txhim kho alkaline hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los tsim cov amine thib ob.
Kauj Ruam 6: Tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv chlorination, qhov thib ob amine yog chlorinated los ua cov tshuaj chloride.
Kauj Ruam 7: Cov kauj ruam kawg yog kev kho alkali los ua cov khoom rau hauv Quinine.
3. Lwm cov txheej txheem hluavtaws:
Ntxiv nrog rau phthalic anhydride synthesis txoj kev, muaj ntau lwm yam Quinine synthesis txoj kev xws li:
- los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv condensation ntawm pyridine thiab aromatic carbonyl tebchaw.
- [4 ntxiv 2] cycloaddition tshwm sim nrog pentene thiab aromatic carbonyl compounds.
- los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv condensation ntawm pyridinedione thiab arylthiol.
- Los ntawm kev siv photocatalyst los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv photochemical, thiab lwm yam.
Quinine yog ib qho khoom siv ntuj tsim uas nws cov txheej txheem synthesis suav nrog kev rho tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim thiab cov txheej txheem tshuaj niaj hnub. Txawm hais tias cov saum toj no tsuas yog ib qho kev piav qhia luv luv ntawm quinine synthesis txoj kev, cov qauv no qhia tau hais tias muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab complexity ntawm quinine synthesis. Hauv kev siv tswv yim, kev xaiv cov txheej txheem hluavtaws tsim nyog nyob ntawm ntau yam, xws li kev ua tau zoo, kev ua tau zoo, thiab kev phooj ywg ib puag ncig. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo, kev sib txuas ntawm Quinine yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev coj ua ntawm cov kws tshaj lij nrog cov kev paub txog thiab kev paub dhau los.
Quinine yog cov khoom siv ntau yam nrog rau kev siv dav dav. Cov hauv qab no yog cov lus piav qhia ntawm Quinine txoj kev loj hlob zeem muag:
1. Anti-malarial research:
Kev tshawb fawb ntawm Quinine ua tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob txuas ntxiv mus. Txawm hais tias muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob malaria ntau dua, Quinine tseem suav hais tias yog ib qho kev xaiv tseem ceeb vim kev txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab qhov nce ntawm malaria kis los ntawm yoov tshaj cum. Kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsom mus rau kev txhim kho cov tshuaj ntawm Quinine kom muab nws nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob zoo dua thiab muaj kev phiv tsawg dua.
2. Kev tshawb fawb txog cov leeg nqaij relaxants:
Quinine lub peev xwm ua kom cov leeg nqaij so tsis tau tiav. Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias Quinine tuaj yeem siv los kho qee yam kab mob ntsig txog cov leeg nqaij thiab spasm, xws li kab mob tremor thiab convulsions. Kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsom mus rau kev nkag siab txog Quinine lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua thiab tsim kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab zoo dua cov leeg nqaij.
3. Fluorescent probes thiab bioimaging:
Vim yog qhov xwm txheej fluorescent ntawm Quinine, nws muaj peev xwm siv dav hauv fluorescent probes thiab bioimaging. Quinine tuaj yeem siv los ua ib qho cim molecule los kuaj thiab kawm txog cov molecules lossis cov txheej txheem hauv cov kab mob. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm fluorescence imaging technology, Quinine tej zaum yuav siv dav nyob rau hauv cell thiab molecular biology tshawb fawb.
4. Kev lag luam dej haus thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce:
Quinine twb muaj qee yam kev siv hauv dej haus thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce. Raws li ib tug cocktail additive, Quinine imparts ib tug tshwj xeeb iab thiab tsw rau haus. Tib lub sijhawm, Quinine kuj tseem siv los ua cov khoom xyaw hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce los muab cov tshuaj tsw qab thiab cov teebmeem fluorescent. Nrog rau kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau cov khoom xyaw noj qab haus huv thiab ntuj tsim, Quinine yuav txuas ntxiv txhim kho thiab siv rau hauv kev lag luam dej haus thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce.
Nyob rau hauv dav dav, Quinine, raws li ib tug multifunctional tshuaj, muaj dav daim ntawv thov prospects. Nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm thev naus laus zis, peb tuaj yeem cia siab tias yuav pom ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev siv Quinine yav tom ntej.