Quinine sulfate dihydrate(txuas:https://www.bloomtechz.com/synthetic-chemical/api-researching-only/quinine-sulfate-dihydrate-cas-6119-70-6.html), dawb mus rau yellowish crystals los yog crystalline hmoov. Nws cov tsos tuaj yeem sib txawv me ntsis nyob ntawm txoj kev npaj thiab purity. Soluble hauv cov kuab tshuaj xws li dej, ethanol thiab chloroform. Nws solubility hauv dej nce nrog nce kub. Nws muaj qhov zoo thermal stability nyob rau hauv kev cia zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tuaj yeem decompose thiab poob kev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo xws li kub thiab av noo. Cov tshuaj aqueous yog acidic, nrog tus nqi pH ntawm li 3.5-4.5. Qhov no yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm Quinine ions nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj. Nws yog dihydrate, uas txhais tau hais tias txhua tus qauv molecular muaj ob lub crystal dej molecules. Cov dej molecules no tsim hydrogen bond kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj molecules. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshuaj uas muaj antimalarial thiab lwm yam teebmeem. Ob peb txoj kev siv hluavtaws ntawm quinine sulfate dihydrate yuav raug qhia.
1. Extracted los ntawm cinchona ntoo:
Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws quinine los ntawm tsob ntoo Cinchona, thiab quinine tuaj yeem muab rho tawm los ntawm nws cov tawv ntoo los ntawm cov kauj ruam hauv qab no:
- Ua ntej, cov tawv ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo cinchona yog stripped thiab tws.
- Tom qab ntawd, ntxiv cov tawv ntoo txiav rau hauv dej acidic kom yaj Quinine.
- Tom qab cov tshuaj yog lim thiab concentrated, cov ntshiab crystals ntawm Quinine yog tau los ntawm crystallization, ziab thiab lwm cov kauj ruam.
2. Synthesis method:
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los ua ke Quinine sulfate dihydrate, hauv qab no yog qee txoj kev siv hluavtaws:
2.1 Tollard synthesis:
Qhov no yog ib tug classic synthesis txoj kev, uas yog mas pom tau los ntawm cov nram qab no cov kauj ruam:
2.1.1. Kev npaj ntawm -carbamate:
Ua ntej, ib qho ketone compound uas muaj -naphthoquinone qauv (xws li 1-hydroxy-2-methoxynaphthalene) yog reacted nrog -urethane los ua ib qho -carbamate. Cov kauj ruam no feem ntau muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qab no:
- Ketone tebchaw hnov mob nrog cuprous chloride (CuCl) los tsim cov ketone lub cev.
- Cuprous ketone reacts nrog hexamethyldiphosphine ((Me3P) 2CuCl2) los tsim cov phosphine complex.
- Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm phosphine complexes nrog activated selenite muab -carbamate.
2.1.2. Kev npaj ntawm -mercaptocarbamate:
React -carbamate nrog ib qho amine compound (xws li thioacetamide) nrog ib pab pawg sulfhydryl los tsim -thiol carbamate. Cov kauj ruam no yuav suav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qab no:
- Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm -carbamate nrog thioacetamide (los yog lwm yam amine compounds) los tsim -thiol carbamate.
2.1.3. Quinine tsim:
- -mercaptocarbamate tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrolysis los tsim -mercaptocarbamate.
- Cov pab pawg sulfhydryl ntawm -carbamate yog thaum kawg hloov mus rau Quinine los ntawm ammonolysis thiab bromination.
Thov nco ntsoov tias cov saum toj no tsuas yog ib qho kev piav qhia ntawm cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb ntawm Tolard's synthesis thiab ntau cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb raug tshem tawm. Torrald synthesis yog cov txheej txheem tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke uas cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam nruab nrab thiab cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv. Xws li cov tshuaj synthesis yuav tsum ua raws li cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb nruj thiab yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij nyob rau hauv cov chaw kuaj mob tsim nyog.
2.2 Stork synthesis:
Qhov no yog lwm txoj kev siv hluavtaws, cov kauj ruam yog raws li hauv qab no:
2.2.1. Kev npaj ntawm valeric acid:
Ua ntej, pib los ntawm cov khoom pib guanine, valeric acid yog tsim los ntawm ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov kauj ruam no feem ntau muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qab no:
- Guanine reacts nrog nitroformic acid (HNO3) tsim nitroguanine.
- Nitroguanine txo mus rau aminoguanine.
- Aminoguanine nkag mus rau carbonylation los tsim cov aminoalkylhydrazones.
- Aminoalkylhydrazone ces hydrolyzed muab valeric acid.
2.2.2. Kev npaj ntawm hydroxyquinoline:
Lub valeric acid hloov mus rau hauv hydroxyquinoline los ntawm ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov kauj ruam no yuav suav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qab no:
- Valeric acid tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv chloride los tsim valeryl chloride.
- Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm valeryl chloride nrog benzaldehyde tsim valerylbenzaldehyde.
- Valerylbenzaldehyde txo qis rau hydroxyquinoline.
2.2.3. Quinine tsim:
- Hydroxyquinoline mus dhau ntau cov kauj ruam, suav nrog acylation, txo qis ntxiv thiab lwm yam kev cuam tshuam, thiab thaum kawg ua Quinine.
2.3 Cinchonidine txoj kev:
Txoj kev no yuav siv lub hauv paus cinchona ua cov khoom pib, thiab thaum kawg synthesizes Quinine los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg.
- Ua ntej, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrogenation ntawm cinchonaline yog nqa tawm kom tau txais cinchonaline.
- Cinchonaline tau dhau los ua ntau kauj ruam, suav nrog kev hloov kho, oxidation, thiab lwm yam, thiab maj mam hloov mus rau Quinine.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov txheej txheem synthesis tau hais los saum toj no tsuas yog qee txoj hauv kev. Qhov tseeb, tej zaum yuav muaj ntau yam kev hloov pauv thiab kev txhim kho hauv cov txheej txheem synthesis ntawm Quinine sulfate dihydrate. Tsis tas li ntawd, txij li Quinine yog cov tshuaj nruj me ntsis, hauv kev tsim khoom tiag tiag, cov kev cai cuam tshuam yuav tsum tau ua raws thiab cov ntawv tso cai sib xws yuav tsum tau txais. Cov saum toj no tsuas yog ib qho kev piav qhia dav dav, thiab nws tsis tau txhais hais tias cov tshuaj tuaj yeem tsim los yog tsim los ntawm nws tus kheej.
Quinine sulfate dihydrate yog ib qho tshuaj tseem ceeb uas siv dav hauv kev kho mob malaria thiab lwm yam kab mob. Txawm hais tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tiam tshiab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, xws li tshuaj artemisinin thiab kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tau muaj qee yam cuam tshuam rau kev siv tshuaj Quinine, nws tseem muaj txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qee qhov xwm txheej. Piv txwv li, cov hauv qab no muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, thiab tib neeg tab tom tshawb nrhiav tsis tu ncua hauv cov haujlwm no.
1. Xaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob:
Quinine sulfate dihydrate, raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ib txwm muaj, muaj kev xaiv siab rau qee hom Plasmodium. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kab mob tiv taus ntawm Plasmodium, Quinine tseem yog ib qho ntawm cov kev kho mob zoo. Yog li ntawd, Quinine tseem muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob malaria lossis qee hom kab mob malaria.
2. Kev siv cov kev kho ua ke:
Quinine sulfate dihydrate feem ntau yog siv ua ke nrog lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob los tsim kev sib xyaw ua ke. Qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke no tuaj yeem txhim kho kev kho mob zoo thiab txo qis kev txhim kho ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Kev sib xyaw Quinine nrog rau lwm yam tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem tsim muaj kev sib koom ua ke thiab nthuav dav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Yog li ntawd, Quinine tseem muaj txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kho ua ke.
3. Kev tsim kho tshuaj ntsuab tshuaj ntsuab:
Quinine yog ib qho chaw muab rho tawm los ntawm cov nroj tsuag Cinchona, yog li kos xim rau cov tshuaj ntsuab tshuaj ntsuab. Cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom khawb tob rau hauv cov tshuaj ntsuab no kom pom lwm cov tshuaj muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov tshuaj ntsuab tshuaj ntsuab no tej zaum yuav muaj cov tshuaj zoo sib xws lossis ntau lub zog uas muaj peev xwm rau kev txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tshiab.
4. Anti-inflammatory thiab immunomodulatory teebmeem:
Ntxiv nrog rau nws cov khoom tiv thaiv malarial, quinine sulfate dihydrate tau pom tias muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws txo qhov mob thiab muaj qee yam cuam tshuam rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Qhov no qhib qhov muaj peev xwm tshiab rau kev siv Quinine hauv kev kho mob ntawm lwm yam kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, xws li autoimmune thiab inflammatory kab mob.
5. Kev txhim kho cov kev npaj tshiab:
Nrog kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tsim tshuaj siv tshuab, cov qauv tshiab ntawm Quinine kuj tau tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, kev txhim kho hauv kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nqus tshuaj thiab bioavailability. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj siv tshuaj pleev ib ce, xws li gels, tshuaj tsuag, lossis thaj ua rau thaj, thiab lwm yam, tuaj yeem siv tau rau cov kab mob hauv zos thiab txhim kho kev ua tau zoo.
Txawm hais tias quinine sulfate dihydrate tau maj mam hloov los ntawm cov tshuaj artemisinin hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob npaws, nws tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qee kis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Quinine txoj kev tshawb fawb tseem tab tom ua kom tob, nrhiav nws cov peev txheej hauv kev kho mob lwm yam kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev txhim kho thiab siv quinine, cov teeb meem xws li tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov kev mob tshwm sim tseem yuav tsum tau kov yeej, thiab nws txoj kev nyab xeeb thiab siv tau zoo yuav tsum tau ua kom ntseeg tau.