Epinephrine Hcl, tseem hu ua epinephrine Hcl, nrog molecular mis C9H13NO3.HCl, yog ib qho tseem ceeb neurotransmitter thiab tshuaj. Nws yog xim tsis muaj xim crystalline hmoov thiab yooj yim soluble hauv dej. Cov kev thov ib txwm yog txhaj tshuaj lossis atomization inhalation. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj hauv kev kho mob ntawm cov neeg mob tseem ceeb thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, mob plawv, mob hawb pob bronchial, kev tsis haum tshuaj, thiab lwm yam.
tshuaj tiv thaiv:
1. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation: Cov qauv phenolic ntawm Epinephrine Hcl yog yooj yim cuam tshuam los ntawm oxidants. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxidants, phenolic hydroxyl pawg nyob rau hauv Epinephrine Hcl molecules yog yooj yim oxidized rau hauv ketones, uas hloov nws cov qauv molecular, ua rau txo los yog poob kev ua tau zoo. Sodium hydroxide yog ib qho oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev. Thaum Epinephrine Hcl reacts nrog sodium hydroxide, nws yog nquag oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, yog li poob nws cov nyhuv.
2. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txo qis: Tus neeg sawv cev txo qis tuaj yeem txo cov ketone pawg hauv Epinephrine Hcl rau phenolic hydroxyl pawg, uas kuj yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rov qab ntawm Epinephrine Hcl. Cov tshuaj txo qis xws li: sodium bisulfite, isosulfite, ferrous pyrophosphate, thiab lwm yam. Tom qab kev txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, Epinephrine Hcl tuaj yeem rov qab kho cov nyhuv tshuaj thiab txhim kho cov nyhuv kho.
3. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv alkaline tej yam kev mob: Epinephrine Hcl yog nquag alkaline hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv alkaline tej yam kev mob, thiab cov amino acids thiab hydroxyl pawg nyob rau hauv lub molecule yog hydrolyzed thiab sib cais. Kev tsim cov khoom decomposition nyob rau hauv alkaline tej yam kev mob yog lub ntsiab ntawm cov tshuaj qhov kawg nyhuv. Tam sim no, muaj ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb los npaj Epinephrine Hcl hmoov los ntawm kev tswj cov kab mob alkaline.
Epinephrine Hcl, tseem hu ua adrenaline Hcl, yog cov khoom siv organic thiab ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm adrenaline hauv qhov xwm txheej. Epinephrine yog ib yam tshuaj hormones thiab neurotransmitter uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg lub cev. Epinephrine Hcl yog siv dav hauv cov tshuaj, hauv qab no yog cov lus piav qhia ntxaws txog txhua qhov kev siv ntawm Epinephrine Hcl.
1. CPR:
Epinephrine Hcl yog siv los ua neurotransmitter hauv cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Nws ua rau kom lub plawv tso zis los ntawm kev ua kom lub plawv contractility thiab contractility, thiab ua rau cov zaus ntawm myocardial contraction, pab kho lub plawv dhia thiab txhim kho kev ciaj sia.
2. Kho mob hawb pob:
Epinephrine Hcl yog siv los tiv thaiv thiab kho mob hawb pob. Nws lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi yog los ua kev txhaum bronchial du cov leeg, yog li kev ua pa nyuaj hauv cov neeg mob asthmatic cov neeg mob.
3. Adrenaline teebmeem thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev:
Epinephrine Hcl yog siv los kho mob hnyav, mob hnyav, uas lub cev cov qib vasopressin nce siab, ua rau muaj ntshav siab thiab lub plawv dhia ceev uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem xws li lub plawv dhia tsis xwm yeem thiab mob plawv. Epinephrine Hcl tuaj yeem pab kho cov ntshav siab thiab lub plawv dhia ib txwm los ntawm kev txwv cov hlab ntsha, txo cov nqaij mos exudation, tswj cov ntshav ntim hauv cov hlab ntsha.
4. Kev kho mob ntawm hypotension:
Epinephrine Hcl yog siv los kho hypotension, raws li cov tshuaj pressor. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau lub plawv dhia, ua kom lub plawv dhia thiab lub zog contraction, nthuav cov hlab ntsha, ua kom cov ntshav txaus rau lub plawv, yog li ua kom ntshav siab.
5. Kev kho mob tsis haum:
Epinephrine Hcl kuj tseem siv los kho cov kev tsis haum tshuaj hnyav xws li kev poob siab anaphylactic. Nws tuaj yeem pab ua kom rov ua pa thiab cov ntshav ncig los ntawm kev txwv cov hlab ntsha, txo qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tsis haum, txo cov ntaub so ntswg.
6. Kev kho mob ntawm arrhythmia:
Epinephrine Hcl kuj tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev kho mob arrhythmias los ntawm kev ua kom myocardial contractility thiab lub plawv dhia, pab ua kom lub plawv dhia zoo li qub.
7. Local tshuaj loog:
Epinephrine Hcl kuj tseem siv los ua tshuaj loog hauv zos hauv cov tshuaj, thiab yog siv los ua kom txo qis kev nqus ntawm cov tshuaj thiab txo cov ntshav thiab cov kev raug mob hauv zos thaum phais.
Zuag qhia tag nrho, Epinephrine Hcl muaj ntau yam kev siv tshuaj, raws li cov tshuaj neurotransmitter thiab tshuaj txhawb zog, nws tuaj yeem pab kho lub plawv dhia thiab txhim kho kev ciaj sia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws kuj tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev kho mob hawb pob, hypotension, kev tsis haum tshuaj, arrhythmia, thiab lwm yam, thiab nws suav tias yog ib qho tshuaj zoo heev vim nws siv ntau yam hauv tshuaj.
Epinephrine yog ib yam tshuaj uas tswj hwm lub paj hlwb hauv lub cev thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, pab lub cev tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab, teb sai, thiab ua kom lub plawv dhia thiab ntshav siab. Epinephrine feem ntau yog siv los kho anaphylaxis, hawb pob, mob plawv, thiab lwm yam mob. Epinephrine Hcl yog epinephrine hydrochloride, uas feem ntau siv hauv kev kho mob thiab yog ib qho tshuaj tseem ceeb. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, cov txheej txheem synthesis ntawm Epinephrine Hcl yuav raug qhia, uas suav nrog cov kauj ruam hauv qab no.
Cov txheej txheem rau kev sib txuas ntawm Epinephrine Hcl feem ntau muab faib ua cov kauj ruam hauv qab no.
Kauj ruam 1: Synthesis ntawm benzyl 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-benzaldehyde (Compound A):
Txoj kev synthesis ntawm compound A yog raws li nram no. Ua ntej, ntxiv Benzaldehyde (20g, 0.19mol), Ethanolamine (20g, 0.28mol) thiab 2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid (0.3g, 2.3mmol) mus rau hauv lub reactor, thiab react rau 8 teev los ntawm cua sov qhov sib tov rau 60 degree. Cov khoom tau sau thiab muab rho tawm, tom qab ntawd cov theem dej tau muab rho tawm mus rau qhov nruab nrab siv cov tshuaj NaOH (10 feem pua) thiab cov theem organic tau qhuav nrog Cyclohexane. Ntxiv cov kua qaub rau cov theem aqueous nrog cov concentrated hydrochloric acid rau pH=1 ~ 2 los tsim cov khoom sib xyaw A, uas yog sib cais thiab ntxuav los ntawm crystallization kom tau cov compound A (purity Ntau dua los yog sib npaug rau 98 feem pua).
Kauj Ruam 2: Synthesis ntawm Epinephrine (Compound B):
Cov txheej txheem hluavtaws ntawm Epinephrine yog raws li hauv qab no. Compound A (10 g, 0.044 mol) thiab TMSE (14.6 g, 0.088 mol) tau sib xyaw thiab them rau hauv lub reactor, uas tau rhuab mus rau 120 degree thiab CO2 (ntawm lub siab ntawm 25 psi) tau ntxiv maj mam dhau 2 teev kom nqus Isopropylmagnesium (iPrMgBr). Tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, TMSE hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib tov raug tshem tawm nrog hydrochloric acid tov, thiab tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem organic tau muab rho tawm los ntawm Et2O kom tau txais cov khoom sib xyaw B ua cov khoom daj.
Kauj Ruam 3: Synthesis ntawm Epinephrine HCl:
Cov txheej txheem hluavtaws ntawm Epinephrine HCl yog raws li hauv qab no. Compound B tau yaj hauv methanol thiab neutralized rau acid-base equilibrium nrog NaOH. Tom qab ntawd, cov kua qaub ntawm cov dej / HCl tau maj mam ntxiv dropwise mus rau cov tshuaj nruab nrab kom txog thaum PH=4. Kho tus nqi pH, ces sau thiab ntxuav cov khoom, maj mam neutralize nws nrog sodium hydroxide, thiab thaum kawg khov-qhuav thiab crystallize kom tau Epinephrine HCl nrog ib tug purity txog li 98 feem pua.
Txheej txheem Optimization:
Cov txheej txheem synthesis ntawm Epinephrine Hcl yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo tsis tu ncua. Piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem ua tau zoo tuaj yeem siv los txo cov impurities tsim thiab tus nqi ntawm cov txheej txheem, thaum tseem txo cov khoom siv raw khoom noj thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lub sijhawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, cov txheej txheem huv thiab kev tsim khoom ruaj khov kuj yog cov teeb meem uas yuav tsum tau xav txog hauv kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm Epinephrine Hcl.
Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, pib los ntawm Benzaldehyde thiab Ethanolamine, Epinephrine Hcl yog thaum kawg synthesized los ntawm ntau cov kauj ruam synthesis tshuaj. Cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau muaj kev txawj ntse, sophisticated chemistry thiab kev sim nruj, tab sis cov tshuaj qhov tseem ceeb qiv rau kev ua haujlwm yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb kho mob thiab kev kho mob.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lub cev:
1. Tshuaj adsorption: Epinephrine Hcl yog nquag adsorption nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob. Lub sijhawm no, yuav muaj qee qhov adsorption quab yuam ntawm Epinephrine Hcl molecules thiab cov adsorbent, kom cov Epinephrine Hcl molecules nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw immobilized ntawm cov adsorbent. Lub zog ntawm cov adsorption muaj feem xyuam rau cov khoom ntawm cov adsorbent thiab cov qauv ntawm Epinephrine Hcl molecules.
2. Kev ruaj ntseg tshuaj: Kev ua tau zoo ntawm Epinephrine Hcl yog ze ze rau kev hloov pauv ntawm pH tus nqi, thiab kev solubility ntawm Epinephrine Hcl kuj txawv raws li qhov sib txawv pH. Qhov ze dua tus nqi pH yog rau pKa tus nqi ntawm Epinephrine Hcl molecule, qhov ntau dua cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj, thiab qhov deb ntawm tus nqi pKa, qhov qaug zog ntawm cov tshuaj yuav yog.
3. Ionic zog: Epinephrine Hcl yog ib qho ionic compound. Nyob rau hauv dej, nws cov qauv molecular yog ionized los tsim ib tug zoo them ion, C9H14NO3 ntxiv, thiab ib tug tsis zoo nqi chloride ion, Cl-. Ob lub ions yog txuas ua ke los ntawm ionic bonds los tsim ib qho ruaj khov ionic siv lead ua.
4. Kev ruaj ntseg: Epinephrine Hcl yog qhov ruaj khov, thiab nws tsis yooj yim rau decompose thaum khaws cia hauv chav sov. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej muaj zog xws li lub teeb, cua sov, thiab oxidants, cov qauv molecular yuav hloov tau zoo heev, uas ua rau txo qis kev ua haujlwm lossis poob ntawm kev kho mob.
Raws li cov ntsiab lus, Epinephrine Hcl yog ib qho ionic molecule, uas yog nquag oxidation, txo, alkaline hydrolysis thiab lwm yam kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, thiab nws cov kev ua tau zoo muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev hloov ntawm pH nqi. Thaum khaws cia thiab siv, yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm lub teeb, cua sov thiab oxidants.