Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawmepinephrine hmoovyog L(-)-Epinephrine, tseem hu ua adrenaline, nws lub npe tshuaj yog 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylaminoethanol. Nws yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm catecholamine tebchaw, uas yog cov txheeb ze ntawm cov neurotransmitters tseem ceeb thiab cov tshuaj hormones xws li epinephrine thiab norepinephrine. Nws cov mis molecular yog C9H13NO3 thiab nws qhov hnyav molecular yog 183.21 g / mol. Epinephrine muaj ob lub chaw chiral, yog li muaj plaub qhov ua tau enantiomers. Ntawm lawv, d-epinephrine thiab l-epinephrine yog ob qho tib si. Nws yog ib qho tshuaj hormone secreted los ntawm adrenal medulla. Nws yog ib qho neurotransmitter uas txhawb nqa lub zog metabolism, lub plawv dhia thiab lub ntsws ua haujlwm, thiab cov tshuaj hormones uas txhawb kev ntxhov siab.
Qhov txuas mus rau epinephrine streamer yog raws li nram no:
Epinephrine yog cov tshuaj hormones thiab neurotransmitter nrog rau cov tshuaj. Cov hauv qab no yog adrenaline ua haujlwm nrog rau thaj chaw hauv qab no:
1. Bronchial hawb pob thiab ua xua
Epinephrine dilates lub bronchi thiab relieves mob hawb pob. Vim li no, epinephrine feem ntau yog siv los ua kev kho mob rau mob hawb pob. Tsis tas li ntawd, epinephrine tseem tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev ua xua los tiv thaiv kev tsis haum tshuaj loj.
2. Cardiac resuscitation:
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub plawv nres, epinephrine tuaj yeem siv los ua CPR tshuaj. Epinephrine tsub kom lub plawv contractility thiab lub plawv dhia, yog li ua kom lub plawv dhia ntim thiab txhawb lub plawv resuscitation.
3. nce ntshav siab:
Vim tias epinephrine constricts cov hlab ntsha, nqaim lawv thiab nce ntshav siab, epinephrine tuaj yeem siv los ua cov tshuaj hauv cov xwm txheej uas yuav tsum tau nce ntshav siab. Hom kev siv no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov xwm txheej mob hnyav thiab mob hnyav.
4. Txo cov ntshav hauv zos:
Raws li vasoconstrictor, epinephrine tuaj yeem siv los txo cov ntshav hauv zos. Piv txwv li, yog tias ib tug neeg los ntshav ntau, epinephrine tuaj yeem txo cov ntshav los ntawm kev nyem cov hlab ntsha los tswj cov ntshav txawv txav.
5. Mob nyem:
Hauv kev siv tshuaj loog hauv zos, epinephrine tuaj yeem siv los ua ib qho tshuaj ntxiv los txhim kho cov hlab ntsha thiab cov hlab ntsha nqaim, yog li txo qhov mob thiab ua rau lub sijhawm ntev ntawm cov tshuaj loog hauv zos.
6. Txo qhov muag siab:
Epinephrine tuaj yeem txo qis cov ntaub so ntswg iris, yog li txo cov kua dej hauv lub qhov muag thiab txo qis intraocular siab, yog li ntawd, epinephrine kuj tseem siv tau los ua tshuaj rau kev kho mob cataracts (CATARACT).
7. Lwm yam kev siv adrenaline:
Hauv qee qhov kev tswj hwm, epinephrine kuj tseem siv los kho cov mob hypoglycemia, lub plawv dhia tsis xwm yeem, thiab tsis tshua muaj epinephrine ntau lawm, thiab lwm yam.
Raws li ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg, Epinephrine muaj ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv cov yam ntxwv, thiab nws lub ntsiab reactivity muaj xws li tshuaj tiv thaiv, redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab acid-puag tshuaj. Cov hauv qab no yuav qhia txog nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb ib los ntawm ib qho.
1. Tshuaj tiv thaiv
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj feem ntau yog hais txog peb yam: tshuaj lom neeg cov ntsiab lus, tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kinetics thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv sib npaug. Epinephrine tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam sib txawv los ntawm kev hloov tshuaj lom neeg. Lub ntsiab nta yog raws li nram no:
(1) Hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Epinephrine yuav tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrolysis hauv dej los tsim cov khoom nruab nrab xws li adrenaline acid (Epinephrine-acid) thiab adrenaline ester (Epinephrine-ester). Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog tias hydroxyl hydrogen ion yog qhov ruaj khov, thiab yooj yim tawm tsam los ntawm dej los ua ib pawg hydroxyl, yog li decomposing.
(2) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation:
Epinephrine tuaj yeem dhau los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation, tsim cov tshuaj xws li nitric oxide thiab muaj zog oxidizing hydrogen peroxide nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig oxidizing.
Epinephrine feem ntau yog siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing rau tooj liab. Thaum muaj tooj liab ions, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation tuaj yeem tshwm sim los tsim cov tooj liab oxide, thiab ib txhij tso nitric oxide thiab hydrogen peroxide.
(3) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv decarboxylation:
Epinephrine tuaj yeem dhau los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv decarboxylation uas rhuav tshem nws mus rau hauv cov tshuaj xws li carbon monoxide thiab carbon dioxide. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no muaj siab reactivity thiab selectivity, thiab yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv ntau yam xws li tshuaj thiab tshuaj kev lag luam.
2. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Redox
Epinephrine yog polyhydroxy organic compound uas yuav txo tau los ntawm redox agents. Ntxiv mus, oxidation-txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kuj yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau heev hauv tib neeg cov metabolism. Lub ntsiab nta yog raws li nram no:
(1) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidant:
Epinephrine tuaj yeem ua tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing los tsa cov neeg ua haujlwm txo qis, thiab txo qis cov neeg ua haujlwm xws li nitric oxide, sulfate thiab sulfide rau hauv oxidants xws li sulfuric acid thiab sulfate ester.
(2) Reductant oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Epinephrine tuaj yeem oxidized rau adrenaline los ntawm kev txo cov neeg ua haujlwm. Raws li tus neeg sawv cev txo qis, Epinephrine tuaj yeem txo qis rau hauv daim ntawv txo qis hauv tib neeg lub cev, thiab tswj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov metabolism hauv lub cev.
3. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acid-base
Epinephrine kuj tseem muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv acidic thiab alkaline ib puag ncig, qhov pom tseeb tshaj plaws yog acidolysis thiab alkali hydrolysis. Lub ntsiab nta yog raws li nram no:
(1) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acid hydrolysis:
Epinephrine tau yooj yim hydrolyzed hauv cov kua qaub muaj zog los tsim hydroxymethyl thiab adrenaline, thaum tso dej molecules.
(2) Alkaline hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Epinephrine tuaj yeem nkag mus rau alkaline hydrolysis hauv alkaline ib puag ncig, thiab npaj sodium adrenaline los ntawm alkaline hydrolysis.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, Epinephrine, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg, muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm chemistry, redox thiab acid-base tshua. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev kho mob thiab lom neeg, thiab tuaj yeem siv dav hauv tib neeg lub cev, kev kuaj kab mob, kev tsim tshuaj tshiab thiab lwm yam.
Solubility:
Solubility ntawm Epinephrine yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev. Nws solubility nyob ntawm nws cov qauv tshuaj thiab ib puag ncig xws li hnyav, kub thiab pH. Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, solubility ntawm Epinephrine yog hais txog {{0}}.5 mg/mL hauv dej, txog 4-5 mg/mL hauv methanol, ethanol thiab acetone, thiab tsis tshua muaj insoluble nyob rau hauv chloroform thiab benzene. . Solubility ntawm Epinephrine sib txawv nrog pH. Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig acidic, Epinephrine ionizes yooj yim dua rau nws daim ntawv cationic ruaj khov (xws li, ntawm pH 2.0), thiab yog li ntawd, nws solubility nce nrog txo pH. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab me ntsis alkaline ib puag ncig, Epinephrine tsis yooj yim ionized, yog li nws solubility hloov me ntsis nyob rau hauv no pH ntau. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tshuaj epinephrine hmoov ntawm nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum yog raws li nram no:
stability:
Kev ruaj ntseg ntawm Epinephrine cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam. Piv txwv li, Epinephrine yog nquag oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub teeb thiab huab cua, thiab nws stability yog tsis zoo. Txhawm rau txhim kho nws txoj kev ruaj ntseg, Epinephrine feem ntau ntxiv qee qhov stabilizers, xws li sodium sulfite, silicon dioxide thiab EDTA, kom nws lub neej ua haujlwm ntev. Tsis tas li ntawd, yam xws li kub, pH tus nqi thiab hom hnyav kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov ruaj khov ntawm Epinephrine. Cia ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (2-8 degree ) thiab acidic (pH 2-3) cov xwm txheej tuaj yeem ua rau lub sijhawm ruaj khov ntawm Epinephrine.
Hauv kev xaus, raws li ib qho tseem ceeb cov tshuaj hormones thiab neurotransmitter, Epinephrine lub cev muaj zog yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev kawm nws cov tshuaj pharmacological thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev. Paub txog cov khoom ntawm lub cev ntawm Epinephrine tuaj yeem pab xaiv cov kuab tshuaj uas tsim nyog, stabilizers thiab khaws cia cov xwm txheej kom ntseeg tau tias nws zoo thiab muaj zog.