Epinephrineyog ib qho catechol neurotransmitter thiab cov tshuaj hormones dav siv hauv kev npaj tshuaj xws li mob plawv resuscitation, bronchiectasis, anaphylaxis thiab urokinase. Hauv kev siv tshuaj kho mob, cov txheej txheem kev npaj ua ke feem ntau suav nrog cov txheej txheem lom neeg, cov txheej txheem tshuaj thiab cov txheej txheem biosynthetic. Kab lus no yuav txheeb xyuas cov kev npaj no.
Qhov txuas rau cov khoom no yog raws li hauv qab no:
1. Kev siv tshuaj lom neeg:
Lub biosynthesis ntawm adrenaline feem ntau siv tyrosine ua tus thawj, uas yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam enzyme-catalyzed cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lub synthesis thiab catalysis ntawm cov enzymes yog tswj los ntawm ntau yam, xws li cov tshuaj hormones, neurotransmitters thiab tshuaj.
1) Kev hloov pauv ntawm tyrosine hydroxylase rau hauv DOPA:
Thawj cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke yog phenolic carboxylic acids.
Phenolic carboxylic acid hloov mus rau 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) los ntawm tyrosine hydroxylase. Cov lus teb no yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov tshuaj hormone dopamine thiab nws cov derivatives, neurotransmitters lossis neuropharmaceuticals.
2) DOPA yog oxidized los tsim dopamine:
DOPA decarboxylase kuj oxidizes DOPA rau dopamine los ntawm ib qho enzyme mediated los ntawm cov synthesis ntawm dopamine.
3) N-methyltransferase prompts dopamine los tsim norepinephrine:
Norepinephrine hloov mus rau epinephrine los ntawm kev ua ntawm dopamine N-methyltransferase.
Cov txuj ci feem ntau siv hauv cov txheej txheem lom neeg muaj xws li protein engineering thiab gene engineering.
2. Kev siv tshuaj:
Hauv kev sib xyaw tshuaj, tyrosine thiab formaldehyde daim ntawv methyl-DOPA (Maxwell's reagent) txog 1, 4- ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Methyl-DOPA decomposes ntawm 60 degree los ntawm Decarboxylation los tsim adrenalin.
Cov tshuaj synthesis ntawm epinephrine feem ntau suav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qab no:
1) Michael ntxiv ntawm tyrosine thiab formaldehyde
Tyrosine thiab formaldehyde undergo 1,4-Michael ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim nyog los tsim methyl-DOPA nruab nrab.
2) Decarboxylation
methyl-DOPA intermediate decomposes ntawm qhov kub thiab txias los ntawm Decarboxylation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ua epinephrine.
Qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj synthesis ntawm adrenaline muaj xws li tsis raug khi los ntawm biocatalysis, siab synthesis efficiency, thiab muaj peev xwm los npaj ntau yam adrenaline derivatives los ntawm kev hloov cov qauv. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev tshuaj lom neeg kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo xws li cov txheej txheem nyuaj thiab tus nqi siab.
3. Biosynthesis:
Biosynthetic synthesis ntawm adrenaline yog tsuas yog ua los ntawm microbial synthesis technology. Los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas thiab hloov cov kab mob microbial, lawv tuaj yeem tsim adrenaline.
Feem ntau cov tswv tsev microbial hom rau cov noob recombination muaj xws li Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trichoderma, thiab lwm yam, thiab cov synthesis ntawm epinephrine los ntawm recombinant qhia ntawm Escherichia coli yog ib txoj kev nrov dua. Lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev yog coj txoj kev metabolic ntawm tyrosine tawm ntawm lub cell, thiab tom qab ntawd cog nws txoj kev metabolic hauv lub thawv, kom nws tuaj yeem tsim cov adrenaline ntau. Feem ntau ntawm txoj kev no yog automated thiab yooj yim scalable.
4 Xaus:
Cov txheej txheem lom neeg, cov txheej txheem tshuaj thiab cov txheej txheem biosynthetic yog txhua txoj hauv kev rau kev npaj ntawm epinephrine. Cov txheej txheem lom neeg muaj peev xwm tsim tau cov adrenaline tiag tiag los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj, thiab tuaj yeem tau txais cov tshuaj ntuj tsim, tab sis nws raug tswj los ntawm cov noob thiab cov enzymes, ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev npaj; Cov txheej txheem tshuaj thiab biosynthetic muaj kev ua haujlwm siab thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. , Cov yam ntxwv zoo heev thiab kev hloov kho cov yam ntxwv, tab sis cov txheej txheem tshuaj yog cumbersome thiab kim, thiab txoj kev biosynthesis yog ib qho nyuaj los tswj kev ua tau zoo tab sis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm zoo microbial kev loj hlob thiab cov metabolism hauv ntau lawm.
Epinephrine (epinephrine), uas yog neurotransmitter thiab hormone, kuj yog ib qho tshuaj tseem ceeb. Nws tsim cov teebmeem physiological los ntawm kev khi rau adrenergic receptors. Epinephrine suav nrog amphetamine thiab catecholamine derivatives thiab feem ntau yog siv los kho cov mob xws li mob hawb pob, plawv dhia ceev thiab kev tsis haum tshuaj hnyav. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev pab thawj zaug thiab kev pab yug menyuam.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm Epinephrine cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg, yog li tsab xov xwm no yuav qhia txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov khoom no hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ntawm no yog nws nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum:
Chemical structure:
Ua ntej, cov qauv tshuaj ntawm Epinephrine tau qhia. Epinephrine molecule yog tsim los ntawm cov qauv phenylethylamine thiab catechol nplhaib qauv, cov ntawv luv yog Epi. Muaj ob lub chiral carbon atoms, nyob rau hauv lub thiab txoj hauj lwm, feem. Yog li, Epinephrine muaj nyob rau hauv plaub lub stereoisomers, uas yog (R, R)-Epi, (S, S)-Epi, (R, S)-Epi, (S, R)-Epi. Ntawm lawv, tsuas yog (R, R)-Epi yog isomer nrog lub cev muaj zog, uas tseem yog lub ntsiab isomer uas tsim hauv vivo.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm Epinephrine nrog Hydrogen Ions:
Muaj cov hydroxyl thiab amine pawg ntawm benzene nplhaib ntawm Epinephrine, yog li nws muaj qee yam acidity thiab alkalinity. Thaum Epinephrine cuam tshuam nrog hydrogen ions (H^ ntxiv), cov kev tshwm sim hauv qab no tuaj yeem tshwm sim:
Epi + H^plus → EpiH^ plus
Qhov no yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb vim tias EpiH^ ntxiv yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm ionization ntawm Epinephrine, yog li cuam tshuam rau nws cov khoom hauv lub cev thiab cov tshuaj pharmacological.
Cov tshuaj oxidation ntawm Epinephrine:
Cov pab pawg hydroxyl thiab amphetamine ntawm Epinephrine muaj qhov pom tseeb redox zog thiab tuaj yeem ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation. Thaum Epinephrine los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog oxygen, cov tshuaj hauv qab no tuaj yeem tshwm sim:
Epi plus O2→ EpiO2
Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum Epinephrine los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog qee cov tshuaj oxidizing xws li hydrogen peroxide, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim.
Acid-base Reaction ntawm Epinephrine:
Cov pab pawg hydroxyl thiab amine ntawm Epinephrine kuj yog acidic thiab yooj yim, thiab lawv tuaj yeem tsim cov kua qaub-piv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov pH sib txawv. Thaum tus nqi pH qis dua pKa tus nqi ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw (3.5 thiab 9.0), tom qab ntawd, pawg hydroxyl yuav raug protonated, ua rau muaj zog Lewis acid EpiH^ ntxiv ; conversely, thaum tus nqi pH siab dua pKa, pawg amine yuav deprotonated, Epi^- yields lub zog Lewis puag. Qhov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm acidic zog thiab pH muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev ua tau zoo thiab kev phiv ntawm Epinephrine hauv kev siv kho mob.
Nitrogen gasification cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm Epinephrine:
Cov pab pawg amine hauv Epinephrine kuj tuaj yeem raug cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nitrogenation thaum raug rau qee cov tshuaj reagents vim redox zog. Piv txwv li, thaum Epinephrine los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog mercury nitrate, nws ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xiav xiav:
Epi plus Hg (NO3)2→ HgO2N-Epi plus 2 HNO3
Cov saum toj no yog ob peb hom tshuaj Epinephrine tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab txhua feem ntawm nws plays lub luag hauj lwm sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj pharmacological thiab kev siv tshuaj kho mob ntawm Epinephrine, thiab tseem muab cov lus qhia thiab cov tswv yim rau kws tshuaj thiab kws tshuaj los tsim cov tshuaj zoo dua.