Cov hmoov ntawmtetracaine(dawb puag) yog dawb rau tawm -dawb crystalline khoom, sawv cev rau cov qauv qauv ntawm ester-raws li tshuaj loog hauv zos. Nws cov qauv molecular yog raws li p-aminobenzoic acid ester thiab muaj lipophilicity muaj zog, ua kom nws nkag mus rau hauv myelin sheath thiab cell membranes. Nws cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua nyob rau hauv reversibly thaiv qhov voltage-gated sodium ion channels ntawm neurons, stabilizing cell membrane, thiab yog li inhibiting tiam thiab conduction ntawm paj hlwb impulses. Daim ntawv no ntawm tetracaine yog ntau alkaline thiab muaj dej solubility tsawg heev. Nws feem ntau yuav tsum tau yaj nyob rau hauv cov kua qaub (xws li hydrochloric acid) los tsim cov ntsev soluble ua ntej nws tuaj yeem siv rau kev npaj cov tshuaj los yog cov tshuaj sab nraud. Raws li cov tshuaj loog muaj zog, nws cov tshuaj toxicity kuj tseem siab dua li procaine. Thaum siv, cov koob tshuaj yuav tsum raug tswj xyuas kom meej los tiv thaiv kev nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev xws li lub paj hlwb excitation, convulsions, thiab mob plawv.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chemical Properties thiab Stability Foundation
Molecular Structure thiab Physical Characteristics
Lub npe tshuaj Tetracaine yog 4-(butylamino)-benzoic acid-2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester. Nws cov mis molecular yog C₁₅H₂₄N₂O₂, nrog rau qhov hnyav molecular ntawm 264.36. Daim ntawv hmoov ntawm Tetracaine yog dawb crystals los yog crystalline hmoov, tsw tsw, me ntsis iab saj, thiab muaj ib tug loog loog. Cov khoom no ruaj khov ntawm chav tsev kub, tab sis nws yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv los ntawm kub, av noo, thiab lub teeb. Nws melting point yog 41-45 degree, lub boiling point yog kwv yees li 389.4 degree, qhov ceev yog 1.044 g / cm³, thiab lub refractive index yog 1.537. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev no qhia tau hais tias tetracaine tuaj yeem nyob ruaj khov nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw cia khoom (xws li kaw thiab hauv qhov chaw txias, qhuav) rau lub sijhawm ntev, tab sis qhov kub thiab txias yuav ua rau decomposition lossis volatilization, thiab yuav tsum muaj kev tswj xyuas nruj ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Solubility thiab Chemical Stability
Tetracaine yog yooj yim soluble nyob rau hauv dej thiab cawv (xws li methanol thiab ethanol), tab sis muaj ib tug kuj tsis tshua muaj solubility nyob rau hauv uas tsis yog-{0}}polar solvents (xws li ether thiab benzene). Nws cov dej solubility yog 156 mg / L (qhov kub tsis tau teev), qhia txog kev solubility hauv dej, uas yooj yim rau kev npaj. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev ruaj ntseg tshuaj, tetracaine yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig qhuav, tab sis yuav ua rau kom oxidation los yog hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum nqus noo noo. Piv txwv li, nws daim ntawv hydrochloride (molecular formula C₁₅H₂₅ClN₂O₂, molecular hnyav 300.82) tuaj yeem nqus dej noo thiab tsim cov pob hauv qhov chaw ntub dej, cuam tshuam rau kev siv. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau muab kaw cia thiab zam kom tsis txhob sib xyaw nrog cov khoom siv raw khoom kom tiv thaiv kev sib kis -.
Cia Tej yam kev mob thiab kev ruaj ntseg tswj
Qhov chaw cia ntawm Tetracaine hmoov ncaj qha cuam tshuam nws txoj kev ruaj ntseg. Qhov ntsuas kub tau pom zoo yog 2-8℃. Yog tias yuav tsum tau khaws cia ntev ntev (xws li ntau dua 6 lub hlis), nws raug nquahu kom khaws nws ntawm qhov kub hauv qab -20℃kom qeeb tus nqi decomposition. Lub thawv ntim khoom yuav tsum raug kaw kom tsis txhob sib xyaw nrog oxidants, halogens, halides, thiab lwm yam, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov. Tsis tas li ntawd, Tetracaine hmoov yog rhiab heev rau lub teeb, thiab nws yuav tsum tau muab cia rau hauv ib qho chaw tsaus ntuj kom tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm photolysis uas tuaj yeem ua rau degradation ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag. Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov chaw khaws cia tsis tu ncua (xws li kub thiab av noo) thiab kev sib khi ntawm lub thawv yog cov kev ntsuas tseem ceeb los xyuas kom meej tias nws ruaj khov.
Kev Nyab Xeeb: Los ntawm Pharmacological teebmeem rau Toxicity Risks
Pharmacological teebmeem thiab kev siv tshuaj kho mob
Tetracaine yog ib qho tshuaj loog uas muaj zog hauv zos uas thaiv qhov hluav taws xob - nyob ntawm sodium raws ntawm cov paj hlwb ntawm cov paj hlwb, inhibiting sodium ion influx, yog li thaiv cov hlab ntsha impulses thiab tsim cov tshuaj loog. Nws cov nyhuv tshuaj loog hauv zos yog 10 npaug zog dua li procaine, tab sis nws kuj muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua (li 10-20 npaug siab dua). Tetracaine feem ntau yog siv rau cov tshuaj loog ntawm lub qhov muag, qhov ntswg, caj pas, thiab cov zis, xws li cov tshuaj loog hauv pob ntseg hauv kev phais mob ophthalmic thiab endoscopy hauv otolaryngology. Nws cov hydrochloride ntsev formulation (xws li hydrochloric tetracaine txhaj) yog ib tug tsis muaj kob ntshiab kua, nrog ib tug ntau concentration ntawm 0.1% - 2%. Qhov kev txwv ib zaug nws txawv nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj (xws li 40 mg rau kev siv tshuaj loog hauv qhov chaw mos thiab 100 mg rau qhov txwv siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov paj hlwb).
Toxicity tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tshuaj lom mechanism
Cov tshuaj lom ntawm tetracaine feem ntau yog los ntawm nws cov muaj zog sodium channel - thaiv cov nyhuv. Kev siv ntau dhau los lossis kev txhaj tshuaj rau hauv cov hlab ntsha tuaj yeem ua rau cov ntshav siab ntau dhau, ua rau lub hauv paus paj hlwb excitation (xws li kiv taub hau, vertigo, chills, tremors, ntshai), hypotension thiab cardiac inhibition (xws li ua pa tsis ua hauj lwm, ntshav siab poob), thiab thaum mob hnyav, convulsions thiab coma. Cov ntaub ntawv mob toxicity ntawm tetracaine (xws li LD₅₀ rau nas los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj txhaj tshuaj yog 6 mg / kg thiab rau cov nas los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj intraperitoneal yog 20 mg / kg) qhia tias tetracaine yog ib yam tshuaj lom heev, thiab ntau npaum li cas thiab cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau tswj nruj me ntsis. Tsis tas li ntawd, tetracaine tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis haum tshuaj (xws li pob khaus, urticaria, lub ntsej muag lossis qhov ncauj- caj pas edema), thiab tseem ua rau cov neeg mob ua xua tuag sai. Txawm tias thaum lub sij hawm tshuaj loog, yuav tsum ceev faj.
Cov neeg tshwj xeeb thiab kev txwv kev siv
Kev siv tetracaine hauv cov neeg tshwj xeeb yuav tsum ceev faj. Cov neeg laus, vim lub siab thiab lub raum tsis ua haujlwm thiab txo cov peev txheej metabolic, yuav tsum siv nws ntawm qhov txo qis; cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 5 xyoos, vim lawv qhov hnyav dua thiab ua tsis tiav cov txheej txheem metabolic, yuav tsum siv ceev faj; Cov poj niam cev xeeb tub thiab lactating yuav tsum tau kho cov tshuaj kom tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tus me nyuam hauv plab los yog me nyuam mos. Tsis tas li ntawd, tetracaine yog txwv tsis pub rau cov neeg uas tsis haum rau cov tshuaj, cov neeg uas muaj lub siab hnyav lossis lub raum tsis ua haujlwm, thiab cov neeg mob uas muaj kev poob siab hnyav. Hauv kev phais mob ophthalmic, cov tshuaj tetracaine yuav tsum raug zam los ntawm kev sib cuag ncaj qha rau lub pob kws txhawm rau tiv thaiv pob txha ntawm lub qhov muag epithelial puas.
Cov txheej txheem khiav hauj lwm thiab kev teb thaum muaj xwm ceev
1. Cov Khoom Siv Tiv Thaiv Tus Kheej (PPE)
Thaum tuav cov hmoov tetracaine, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum hnav lub ntsej muag tiv thaiv, tsom iav tiv thaiv tshuaj lom neeg, tshuaj lom neeg- hnab looj tes tiv thaiv (xws li roj hmab nitrile), thiab lub tsho hauv chav kuaj kom tiv thaiv kev sib cuag ntawm daim tawv nqaij ncaj qha lossis nqus plua plav. Ua haujlwm hauv lub fume hood lossis lub tshuab tso pa hauv zos kom ntseeg tau tias huab cua ncig thiab txo qhov concentration ntawm tetracaine hauv huab cua. Tom qab ua haujlwm, ntxuav cov tawv nqaij thiab khaub ncaws kom huv si kom tsis txhob ua rau tawv nqaij lossis cov mucous membranes los ntawm cov khoom seem.
2. Kev kho thaum muaj xwm ceev ntawm cov dej xau
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm carbocaine hmoov to, tam sim ntawd cais thaj chaw muaj kab mob, txwv tsis pub nkag, thiab txiav tawm qhov hluav taws kub. Rau cov xau me me, npog nrog cov xuab zeb ntub lossis av thiab sau rau hauv lub thawv qhuav, huv, thiab npog; rau cov xau loj, ntub dej thiab sau thiab rov qab siv cov pa taws -cov cuab yeej dawb lossis thauj mus rau qhov chaw pov tseg pov tseg. Thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem to taub, hnav cov khoom tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog cov khoom to.
3. Kev kho mob xwm txheej kub ntxhov
Kev kho mob xwm txheej ceev rau tetracaine lom yuav tsum tau ua raws li txoj hauv kev ntawm kev lom thiab cov tsos mob, thiab cov kev ntsuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau ua raws li:
Kev sib cuag ntawm daim tawv nqaij: Tshem tawm cov khaub ncaws tsis huv thiab yaug daim tawv nqaij nrog dej soapy thiab dej huv.
Kev sib cuag ntawm qhov muag: tsa daim tawv muag thiab yaug nrog dej ntws los yog lub cev muaj roj tsawg li 15 feeb. Yog tias hnav cov looj ntsej muag thiab lawv tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm tau yooj yim, tshem tawm cov lo ntsiab muag thiab txuas ntxiv yaug.
Kev nqus pa: nrawm nrawm tawm ntawm qhov chaw mus rau thaj chaw huab cua ntshiab, ua kom txoj hlab pa ntshiab. Yog tias ua pa nyuaj, muab cov pa oxygen. Yog tias ua tsis taus pa, ua pa tawm tam sim ntawd.
Kev noj haus: Haus dej sov kom ntau, ua kom ntuav, tsis txhob muab ib yam dab tsi rau tus neeg tsis nco qab los ntawm qhov ncauj, thiab nrhiav kev kho mob tam sim ntawd.
Cov kev cai thiab kev ua raws cai
Kev faib tshuaj thiab kev cai
Tetracaine yog ib qho tshuaj noj (℞-tsuas yog). Hauv tebchaws Australia, nws raug cais raws li S4 (yuav tsum tau muab tshuaj) thiab S2 (yuav tsum muaj kev qhia kws muag tshuaj rau kev muag tshuaj), hauv Brazil nws raug cais raws li C1 (lwm yam tshuaj tswj), thiab hauv Tebchaws Meskas, nws yuav tsum tau siv nrog daim ntawv tshuaj. Nws qhov kev tsim khoom, kev cia khoom, thiab kev thauj mus los yuav tsum ua raws li Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Tswj Xyuas Tshuaj Zoo (GMP) thiab cov cai rau kev thauj khoom txaus ntshai (xws li UN 2811).
Kev pov tseg pov tseg thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig
Cov pov tseg Tetracaine yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm los ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv uas tsim nyog rau kev pov tseg pov tseg pov tseg kom tsis txhob muaj kuab lom hauv ecological. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws cov biodegradability yog txwv, tab sis nws yog speculated tias nws degradation tus nqi nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj kuj qeeb, yog li nws yuav tsum tau tswj nrog ceev faj. Thaum lub sijhawm pov tseg cov txheej txheem, "Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Tswj Xyuas Cov Ntaub Ntawv Pov Hwm Pov Hwm Pov Hwm" yuav tsum tau ua raws li kom ntseeg tau tias tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov pov tseg yog traceable.
Labeling thiab ntim yuav tsum tau
Lub ntim ntawm Tetracaine hmoov yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv xws li lub npe tshuaj, specification, batch tooj, hnub tsim khoom, hnub tas sij hawm, cia tej yam kev mob, thiab ceeb toom cov cim (xws li "poisonous" los yog "flammable"). Cov ntawv sau yuav tsum meej thiab ua tiav kom yooj yim txheeb xyuas thiab tswj. Thaum lub sij hawm cia, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tsis tu ncua xyuas seb lub ntim puas zoo thiab kaw kom tsis txhob ya raws los yog kev puas tsuaj.