NAD + Cream

NAD ⁺ nthuav tawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm tes thiab thaj chaw sib txawv hauv cheeb tsam hauv lub hlwb, nrog rau qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv qhov chaw ua haujlwm tseem ceeb
Neurons: Neurons nyob rau hauv lub cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, thiab cerebellar granule txheej muaj siab tshaj NAD ⁺ cov ntsiab lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv presynaptic membrane thiab mitochondria, uas ncaj qha txhawb synaptic kis tau tus mob thiab lub zog mov.
Glial hlwb: Astrocytes thiab microglia muaj NAD ⁺ theem nruab nrab thiab feem ntau koom nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm neuroinflammation, metabolic txhawb, thiab kho kev raug mob; Oligodendrocytes cia siab rau NAD ⁺ kom tswj tau myelin synthesis thiab kev ncaj ncees.

Vascular endothelial cells: Lub hlwb microvascular endothelial hlwb tau nthuav qhia NAMPT (NAD ⁺ synthesis rate limiting enzyme), uas yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm NAD ⁺ hauv cov ntshav- hlwb barrier (BBB) ​​thiab tswj BBB permeability thiab thauj khoom.
Cov kev sib txawv hauv cheeb tsam: Qhov concentration ntawm NAD ⁺ nyob rau hauv CA1-CA3 cheeb tsam ntawm lub hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex yog ho siab dua nyob rau hauv lwm lub paj hlwb cheeb tsam, thiab yog heev correlated nrog kev kawm, nco, thiab kev ua haujlwm; Cov concentration nyob rau hauv lub hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum yog qis, nrog rau kev tsom mus rau cov paj hlwb hauv paus.

NAD ⁺ nyob rau hauv lub hlwb tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav - lub hlwb thaiv thiab tso siab rau hauv cov synthesis tag nrho, nrog rau cov kev kho mob suav nrog ntau dua 95%. Neurons thiab glial hlwb tsim ib tug metabolic synergy network:
Kev kho cov txheej txheem synthesis (core): Siv nicotinamide (NAM) ua ntej, NMN yog tsim los ntawm NAMPT catalysis, thiab tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau NAD ⁺ los ntawm NMNAT; Neurons nthuav qhia NAMPT, tab sis lawv cov dej num poob qis thaum laus lossis raug mob, ua rau NAD depletion.
Neuron astrocyte metabolic coupling: Neuronal kev ua haujlwm tso tawm NAM, uas tau coj los ntawm astrocytes los ua ke NMN, uas yog tom qab ntawd thauj rov qab mus rau cov neurons los tsim NAD +, tsim NAD ⁺ voj voog thiab tswj cov neuronal zog homeostasis.

De novo synthesis pathway (secondary): siv tryptophan ua raw khoom, synthesized nyob rau hauv lub siab thiab glial hlwb uas tsis tshua muaj efficiency, tsuas yog qhib rau hauv loj deficiency.
Txoj kev degradation: CD38, PARP, Sirtuins yog cov enzymes tseem ceeb: PARP ua kom (DNA puas) tuaj yeem ua rau NAD ⁺ sai sai; CD38 nce nrog lub hnub nyoog thiab nrawm NAD ⁺ hydrolysis; Sirtuins haus NAD ⁺ los tsim NAM thiab rov qab mus rau lub voj voog kho.

Neurons yog lub zog siv zog thiab tsis muaj zog reserves. Lub hlwb siv 20% ntawm lub cev cov pa oxygen thiab lub zog, tso siab rau NAD ⁺ - mediated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation los tsim ATP, uas yog lub hauv paus lav rau kev ciaj sia ntawm cov neurons.
Glucose metabolism coupling: Neurons noj cov piam thaj, uas ua rau glycolysis tsim pyruvate, uas nkag mus rau mitochondria thiab dhau mus rau tricarboxylic acid voj voog los tsim NADH; NADH hloov hluav taws xob los ntawm electron hloov saw hlau (ETC), tsav lub proton gradient thiab thaum kawg tsim ATP -1 molecule ntawm NADH generates 2.5 molecules ntawm ATP, nrog NAD ⁺ theem ncaj qha txiav txim siab neuronal productivity efficiency.

Synaptic zog mov: ATP yuav tsum tau rau presynaptic membrane neurotransmitter tso tawm, postsynaptic membrane receptor activation, thiab ion channel thauj; Thaum NAD ⁺ tsis txaus, synaptic kis tau tus mob efficiency txo, neurotransmitter synthesis txo, ua rau poob rau hauv kev kawm thiab nco lub peev xwm thiab qeeb teb.
Mitochondrial muaj nuj nqi kho:NAD + Creamactivates SIRT3, deacetylates mitochondrial complexes I-III thiab ATP synthase, txhim khu ETC efficiency, txo electron to thiab ROS tiam; Thaum muaj hnub nyoog, NAD ⁺ txo qis, cov qauv mitochondrial cuam tshuam, ATP ntau lawm tsis txaus, ROS tawg tshwm sim, ua rau muaj zog neuronal depletion thiab apoptosis.

Neuronal terminal sib txawv thiab tsis muaj peev xwm faib tau, DNA puas tuaj yeem kho tsis tau los ntawm kev faib cell, tso siab rau PARP enzyme kho kho mechanism; NAD ⁺ yog tib lub substrate ntawm PARP, muab "roj" rau DNA kho thiab tswj kev ncaj ncees genome ntawm neuronal.
DNA ib txoj hlua tawg kho: Oxidative kev nyuaj siab, hluav taws xob, thiab cov tshuaj neurotoxic (xws li A) ua rau DNA ib leeg strand so, thiab PARP tau ua kom sai, siv NAD ⁺ los tsim poly ADP ribose (PAR). Kho cov proteins xws li XRCC1 thiab DNA ligase raug xaiv los ua kom tiav cov kev kho; Txhua qhov kev kho yuav siv 1 molecule ntawm NAD ⁺, thiab thaum qhov kev puas tsuaj loj heev, NAD ⁺ yog depleted heev.

DNA kho ob txoj hlua tawg: PARP koom tes nrog BRCA1/2 los kho ob txoj hlua tawg. Thaum NAD ⁺ tsis txaus, kho tsis tau, ua rau cov noob hloov pauv, chromosomal abnormalities, thiab ua kom cov neuronal laus thiab tuag.
Kev tiv thaiv Telomere: NAD ⁺ activates SIRT1/SIRT6, inhibits telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) degradation, thiab tswj telomere ntev; Thaum lub sij hawm laus, NAD ⁺ txo qis, telomeres luv luv, thiab cov neurons nkag mus rau qhov kev laus / apoptosis.
RNA splicing yuam kev kho (txheej txheem tshiab): Kev tshawb fawb hauv 2025 tau lees paub tias NAD ⁺ kho RNA splicing yuam kev los ntawm kev tswj cov EVA1C protein, thim rov qab neuronal puas thiab nco tsis tau tshwm sim los ntawm tau protein ntau aggregation; Hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov neeg mob AD thaum ntxov, theem ntawm EVA1C txo qis, thiab ntxiv NAD ⁺ tuaj yeem rov qab tau nws cov lus qhia thiab kho RNA splicing tsis xws luag.

Lub paj hlwb muaj cov pa oxygen siab, cov ntsiab lus lipid siab, thiab kev qhia qis ntawm cov enzymes antioxidant, ua rau nws muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov pa oxygen reactive (ROS); NAD ⁺ tsim lub neuronal "antioxidant barrier" los ntawm peb lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm antioxidant ncaj qha, ua kom cov kab mob antioxidant, thiab inhibition ntawm ROS tiam.
NADPH mediated reduction antioxidant: NAD ⁺ hloov mus rau hauv NADPH los ntawm pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), uas ua raws li glutathione reductase coenzyme kom txo oxidized glutathione (GSSG) kom txo glutathione (GSH) - cov antioxidant zog tshaj hauv neurons. Nws tshem tawm cov dawb radicals, lipid peroxides, thiab cov tshuaj lom metabolites, tiv thaiv cell membranes, proteins, thiab DNA ntawm oxidative puas.

Inhibition ntawm ROS tiam: NAD ⁺ activates SIRT3, deacetylates mitochondrial complexes I/III, txo electron to, thiab txo ROS ntau lawm; Thaum lub sij hawm laus, NAD ⁺ txo qis, ROS accumulates, ua rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab cascade puas tsuaj, ua rau neuronal membrane lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, thiab DNA breakage.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv neurotoxic oxidation: NAD ⁺ inhibits oxidative aggregation ntawm A thiab tau proteins, txo qhov tsim ntawm cov tshuaj lom oligomers; Lub oligomers tuaj yeem ua rau ROS tawg, ntxiv rau NAD ⁺ thiab tsim lub voj voog lom. Ntxiv NAD ⁺ tuaj yeem thaiv lub voj voog no.

Mob neuroinflammation yog lub hauv paus pathological feature ntawm neuroaging, kev txawj ntse poob, thiab cov kab mob neurodegenerative; NAD ⁺ tswj cov polarization ntawm microglia, inhibits pro- cov kab mob inflammatory, txhawb kev tso tawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - cov kab mob inflammatory, sib npaug hauv nruab nrab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab txo qis kev puas tsuaj.

Kev tswj hwm polarization ntawm microglia: Microglia yog lub hauv paus "cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob" uas tuaj yeem polarize rau hauv M1 hom (pro-inflammatory, cytotoxic) thiab M2 hom (anti-inflammatory, reparative);

NAD ⁺ activates SIRT1/NF - κ B txoj hauv kev, inhibits M1 polarization (txo TNF - , IL-1 , IFN - tso tawm), txhawb nqa M2 polarization (nce IL-10, TGF - secretion), kho cov ntaub so ntswg.

Inhibition ntawm astrocyte o: NAD ⁺ inhibits kev tso tawm ntawm pro-inflammatory cytokines thiab overexpression ntawm glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) nyob rau hauv astrocytes, txo glial caws pliav tsim, thiab tuav ruaj khov neuronal microenvironment.
Ntshav hlwb barrier (BBB) ​​tiv thaiv kab mob: NAD ⁺ tiv thaiv lub hlwb microvascular endothelial hlwb los ntawm CX43-PARP1-NAD ⁺ txoj hauv kev, inhibits BBB to induced inflammatory factor, txo peripheral immune cell thiab tshuaj lom neeg nkag mus rau hauv lub hlwb, thiab alleviates neuroinflammation.

Cov ntshav-brain barrier (BBB) ​​yog ib qho kev xaiv barrier nyob rau hauv lub hlwb uas tiv thaiv invasion ntawm peripheral toxins, tswj ion tshuav nyiaj li cas nyob rau hauv lub hlwb, thiab tswj cov as-ham thauj; BBB to thaum lub sij hawm kev laus thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws tuaj yeem ua rau neuroinflammation, neuronal puas, thiab kev txawj ntse poob.
Kev saib xyuas ntawm endothelial cell muaj nuj nqi: NAD ⁺ activates SIRT1, txhawb nqa nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, dilates cerebral hlab ntsha, thiab txhim kho cerebral microcirculation; Inhibit endothelial cell apoptosis thiab tswj BBB kev ncaj ncees.

Kev tswj hwm nruj ntawm cov protein sib txuas: NAD ⁺ upregulates cov lus qhia ntawm nruj hlws ris proteins (ZO-1, occludin, claudin-5), txhim khu BBB nruj hlws ris, thiab txo cov to; Thaum lub sij hawm laus, NAD ⁺ txo qis, nruj hlws ris proteins degrade, thiab BBB permeability nce.
Kev tiv thaiv Pericytes: NAD ⁺ tiv thaiv lub hlwb microvascular pericytes (cov hlwb tseem ceeb tswj BBB kev ruaj ntseg), inhibits apoptosis thiab fibrosis ntawm pericytes, thiab ua kom zoo BBB ua haujlwm.

Qhov nce thiab txo qis hauv neuronal apoptosis yog qhov ua rau muaj kev paub tsis meej thiab cov kab mob neurodegenerative; NAD ⁺ txhawb nqa kev muaj sia nyob neuronal los ntawm kev tswj hwm txoj hauv kev apoptotic, ua kom muaj sia nyob cov cim, inhibiting autophagy abnormalities.
Ua kom muaj cov cim tiv thaiv apoptotic: NAD ⁺ activates SIRT1, deacetylates apoptotic proteins xws li p53 thiab FoxO3a, inhibits kev qhia ntawm pro apoptotic yam (Bax, caspase-3), upregulates anti apoptotic factor (Bcl-2), blocks mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.

Autophagy kev cai:NAD + Creamactivates SIRT3 / AMPK txoj hauv kev, txhawb lub cev nqaij daim tawv autophagy (nrawm mitochondria puas thiab cov proteins muaj kuab lom), inhibiting pathological autophagy (ntau dhau autophagy ua rau kev tuag neuronal), thiab tswj cov neuronal homeostasis.
Neurotrophic yam txhawb nqa: NAD ⁺ upregulates qhov kev qhia ntawm lub hlwb -derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) thiab paj hlwb loj hlob (NGF), activates TrkB/PI3K/Akt ciaj sia taus signals, thiab txhawb neuronal ciaj sia taus, proliferation, thiab sib txawv.