Shaanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd. yog ib qho ntawm cov tuam ntxhab thiab cov muag khoom ntawm norepinephrine tartrate cas 3414-63-9 hauv Suav teb. Txais tos rau cov lag luam wholesale bulk zoo norepinephrine tartrate cas 3414-63-9 muag ntawm no los ntawm peb lub hoobkas. Kev pabcuam zoo thiab tus nqi tsim nyog muaj.
Norepinephrine tartrateyog ib qho tseem ceeb vasoactive tshuaj. Nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, norepinephrine, yog ib txwm ua catecholamine hauv tib neeg lub cev thiab yog lub zog agonist ntawm ob qho tib si thiab 1 adrenergic receptors. Hauv kev kho mob xwm txheej ceev, nws tsuas yog siv los ua kom cov ntshav siab sai sai ntawm cov neeg mob uas muaj ntshav siab hnyav los ntawm kev cog lus rau cov hlab ntsha peripheral (nrog rau cov nyhuv muaj zog). Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub neej- hem tej yam kev mob xws li septic shock thiab cardiogenic poob siab, nws yog "siab- tsa lub pob zeb" rau kev tswj lub perfusion siab ntawm lub cev tseem ceeb. Nws daim ntawv tartrate ua kom ruaj khov thiab solubility ntawm cov tshuaj.
Cov tshuaj siv tau sai heev, tab sis muaj ib nrab luv luv -lub neej thiab yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj tas mus li kom tswj tau cov ntshav cov tshuaj muaj tseeb. Lub qhov rais kho yog nqaim, thiab nws yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kom zoo rau cov ntshav siab, lub plawv dhia, thiab peripheral ncig nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw zov me nyuam kom tsis txhob muaj vasoconstriction ntau dhau uas ua rau cov ntaub so ntswg ischemia lossis arrhythmias. Nws sawv cev rau txoj kev cuam tshuam muaj zog rau kev kho cov ntshav khiav zoo li lub neej -txuag kab thaum lub sijhawm tsis ua haujlwm.
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Tshuaj Formula |
C12H17NO9 |
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Exact Mass |
319 |
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Molecular Luj |
319 |
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m/z |
319 (100.0%), 320 (13.0%), 321 (1.8%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 45.14; H, 5.37; N, 4.39; O, 45.10 |
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Boiling point |
360℃C |
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Qhov ntom |
3.38 g / ml ntawm 25 ° C (lit.) |
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Cia tej yam kev mob |
ntxig cua |
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solubility cawv |
soluble soluble 40 feem ntawm cov kuab tshuaj |
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Flash point |
221.5°C dej |
Norepinephrine tartrateyog ib qho tseem ceeb bioactive molecule nrog ntau yam kev siv.
Cardiovascular system
Nws yog feem ntau siv los ua cardiotonic los kho mob hnyav hypotension thiab poob siab xeev. Nws nce ntshav siab los ntawm kev cog lus cov hlab ntsha, ua kom lub plawv contractility thiab tso zis; Nws tseem tuaj yeem txhawb kev rov ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv lub plawv. Hauv cov tshuaj thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, Nws yog dav siv rau kev mob plawv thiab cov hlab ntshav txhawb nqa thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev.
Kev tiv thaiv lub cev
Nws tuaj yeem siv rau kev tiv thaiv lub raum ua haujlwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum phais lossis hauv chaw kho mob hnyav. Nws tuaj yeem txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm lub raum puas los ntawm kev ua kom glomerular perfusion thiab txhim kho lub raum microcirculation.
Cov kab mob neurological
Nws yog ib tug precursor molecule ntawm neurotransmitters, yuav siv tau rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kho mob ntawm neurological kab mob. Nws tuaj yeem siv los kho cov kab mob xws li kev tsis pom kev tsis txaus siab hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) thiab kev nyuaj siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, Norepinephrine lub hom phiaj kuj tau siv rau hauv vitro kab lis kev cai thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm neurons.
Neuroconductive mediators
Nws tuaj yeem ua haujlwm zoo li neurotransmitter thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb neuroscience. Nws tuaj yeem siv los kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tso tawm neurotransmitter thiab nws qhov cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm neuronal thiab synaptic. Cov kev tshawb fawb no tseem ceeb heev rau kev nkag siab txog kev ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj thiab cov kab mob ntawm lub paj hlwb.
Kev siv lub cev ua pa
Nws kuj yog siv rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm cov kab mob ua pa. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem siv los txhawb kev kho mob ua pa nyuaj los ntawm cov kab mob xws li mob hawb pob thiab mob ntsws ntev (COPD). Nws cog lus rau cov leeg nqaij du, txo cov hnoos qeev, thiab txhim kho lub ntsws ua pa.
Cov cuab yeej tshawb nrhiav kev sim
Nws yog ib qho reagent feem ntau siv hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau hauv vitro thiab hauv vivo thwmsim, xws li kab lis kev cai ntawm tes, tsiaj qauv, thiab lwm yam. Cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem siv lub hom phiaj Norepinephrine los simulate thiab kawm txog cov txheej txheem physiological thiab pathological uas cuam tshuam rau cov hlab plawv, paj hlwb, thiab cov metabolism.
Mechanism of Specific Binding rau Adrenergic Receptors
Adrenergic receptors belongs rau lub superfamily ntawm G protein-coupled receptors thiab ua lub hauv paus molecular hauv qab cov tshuaj pharmacological ntawmnorepinephrine tartrate. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg faib thiab downstream signaling txoj hauv kev thoob plaws receptor subtypes txiav txim siab cov phiaj xwm kho mob ntawm cov tshuaj. Tom qab nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, cov tshuaj sai sai mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg nrog rau cov hlab ntsha, lub plawv thiab cov hlab ntsha terminals, qhov uas nws khi tshwj xeeb rau cognate receptors thiab pib downstream signal transduction.
₁ receptors yog abundantly nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv lub cell daim nyias nyias ntawm vascular du nqaij nyob rau hauv lub systemic arterioles thiab venules, nrog lub siab tshaj plaws ceev nyob rau hauv cutaneous thiab mucosal hlab ntsha, raum hlab ntsha, mesenteric hlab ntsha, cerebral hlab ntsha thiab skeletal leeg vasculature.
Kev khi ntawm nws mus rau ₁ receptors activates receptor-coupled Gq proteins thiab ua rau downstream signaling cascades; Qhov no sawv cev rau lub hauv paus mechanism mediating vasoconstriction thiab nce peripheral vascular kuj. ₂ receptors feem ntau nyob rau ntawm lub presynaptic daim nyias nyias ntawm sympathetic paj terminals, nrog me me qhia nyob rau hauv lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb thiab vascular du nqaij.
Thaum khi rau presynaptic ₂ receptors, cov tshuaj activates inhibitory Gi proteins kom tawm tswv yim tsis zoo txoj cai, suppressing ntxiv tso tawm ntawm endogenous norepinephrine los ntawm sympathetic paj terminals, tiv thaiv ntau heev sympathetic activation thiab ua rau nws tus kheej - kev cai ntawm pharmacological teebmeem.
₁ receptors yog concentrated nyob rau hauv cardiomyocyte daim nyias nyias, lub sinoatrial node thiab atrioventricular node.
Cov tshuaj khi rau ₁ receptors activates Gs proteins los kho cov kev taw qhia downstream thiab maj mam hloov kho myocardial contractility thiab lub plawv dhia. Vim hais tias cov tshuaj muaj kev cuam tshuam qis dua rau ₁ receptors dua li cov receptors, nws cov nyhuv ntawm lub plawv tsis muaj zog dua li nws cov vasoconstrictive effect, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tachycardia tsis tshwm sim. Qhov no yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau nws qhov kev ruaj ntseg zoo tshaj plaws ntawm hemodynamic txheeb ze rau lwm cov catecholamines hauv kev kho mob.
Pharmacological Mechanisms hauv Core Target Organs
(I) Mechanism ntawm Peripheral Vasoconstriction thiab Peripheral Resistance Regulation
Lub vascular system yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm nws. Cov tshuaj elicits muaj zog, dav -spectrum vasoconstriction los ntawm kev ua kom tag nrho ₁ receptors ntawm vascular du nqaij. Nyob rau theem microcirculatory, constriction ntawm arterioles, cov hlab ntsha tsis kam, markedly elevates tag nrho peripheral tsis kam; constriction ntawm venules, lub capacitance hlab ntsha, txo peripheral ntshav pooling thiab nce venous rov qab. Ua ke ob qhov teebmeem no tswj cov ntshav ntim thiab cov hlab ntsha.
Vascular responsiveness txawv nyob rau hauv ib tug graded zam nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg.
Cutaneous thiab mucosal vasoconstriction yog feem ntau pronounced, zoo txhim kho peripheral perfusion thiab thim rov qab lub txias, clammy daim tawv nqaij pom nyob rau hauv poob siab.
Lub raum thiab mesenteric vasoconstriction yog nruab nrab, redirecting ntshav tawm ntawm lub txaj visceral tsawg tseem ceeb rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub plawv thiab lub hlwb. Constrictive cuam tshuam rau cerebral thiab coronary hlab ntsha tsis muaj zog; compensatory ntshav siab es tsis txhob txhim kho perfusion nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no. Cov qauv no ntawm lub hom phiaj vasoconstriction precises thim rov qab poob siab- cuam tshuam vasodilation thiab txo qis peripheral tsis kam, sai nce txhais tau tias arterial siab thiab re- tsim kom muaj kev ruaj khov siab gradient.
(II) Mechanism of Bidirectional Cardiac Regulation
Norepinephrine tartrateexerts bidirectional cardiac teebmeem muaj xws li ncaj qha pharmacological kev txiav txim thiab indirect reflex modulation. Ncaj qha, cov tshuaj activates myocardial ₁ receptors, stimulating intracellular adenylyl cyclase, tsa cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations, pab txhawb transmembrane calcium influx thiab yog li ua rau myocardial contractility, accelerating conduction thiab nruab nrab nce stroke ntim.
Txoj kev indirect reflex dominates cardiac regulation. Muaj zog peripheral vasoconstriction induced los ntawm cov tshuaj sai elevates arterial siab, stimulating baroreceptors nyob rau hauv lub carotid sinus thiab aortic arch, activating lub vagal reflex thiab suppressing sympathetic outflow.
Qhov tshwm sim yog bradycardia thiab txo myocardial oxygen thov. Qhov no ua ke "zoo inotropy ntxiv rau lub plawv- tus nqi qeeb" profile tso cai rau cov ntshav siab augmentation yam tsis muaj kev nce siab hauv plawv, txo qis cov xwm txheej tsis zoo xws li tachyarrhythmias thiab myocardial ischaemia. Yog li ntawd nws yog tsim nyog rau cov neeg mob uas poob siab los yog hypotension nyuaj los ntawm lub plawv tsis ua hauj lwm.
Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov tshuaj ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam me me ntawm cov zis ntawm lub plawv, txhawb cov hlab ntshav kom ruaj khov thaum khaws cia kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv.
(III) Mechanism of Neuroendocrine Negative Feedback
Tshaj li peripheral circulatory teebmeem, cov tshuaj pib neuroendocrine tsis zoo tawm tswv yim los ntawm activating presynaptic ₂ receptors ntawm sympathetic paj terminals. ₂ receptor activation ua los ntawm Gi proteins los inhibit adenylyl cyclase, qis intraterminal cAMP concentrations, txo calcium influx thiab suppress vesicular tso tawm ntawm neurotransmitters.
Qhov no thaiv kev tso tawm ntau dhau ntawm endogenous norepinephrine thiab epinephrine.Lub tshuab ua kom lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj exogenous tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj ntshav siab ntau, thaum tswj kev ua siab ntev thiab txo qis catecholamine- kho mob vasospasm thiab myocardial raug mob, yog li tswj hwm neuroendocrine homeostasis.
Cellular Signaling Pathway Mechanisms
Cov teebmeem macroscopic pharmacological ntawm nws tshwm sim hauv paus los ntawm kev ua kom muaj cov cim tshwj xeeb hauv lub cev hauv lub hlwb. Distinct G protein coupling hla cov receptor subtypes ua rau cov lus teb sib txawv ntawm tes, ua tiav cov txheej txheem molecular ntawm kev ua.
₁ receptor-kev kho mob vasoconstrictive txoj kev: tshuaj khi rau ₁ receptors activates Gq proteins, txhawb nqa hydrolysis ntawm phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate rau hauv inositol trisphosphate (IP₃) thiab diacylglycerol (DAG). IP₃ ua rau cov calcium tso tawm los ntawm cov khw muag khoom intracellular thiab nce cytosolic dawb calcium concentrations; DAG activates protein kinase C thiab synergistically amplifies calcium{2}} nyob ntawm cov lus teb contractile.
Calcium khi rau troponin, tsav myofilament zawv zawg hauv vascular du leeg thiab thaum kawg ua rau vasoconstriction thiab nce peripheral tsis kam.
₂ receptor-txoj kev cuam tshuam nrog inhibitory txoj hauv kev: qhib ₂ receptors ob peb rau Gi proteins, inhibiting adenylyl cyclase, txo qis intracellular cAMP, txo cov protein kinase A kev ua, txo qis calcium influx ntawm paj hlwb terminals thiab suppressing neurotransmitter tso tawm kom tiav cov lus tsis zoo. Txoj hauv kev no kuj ua rau me me txwv tsis pub dhau cov hlab ntsha du ntawm cov leeg nqaij, ntsuas qhov muaj zog constrictive teeb liab los ntawm ₁ receptors thiab zam microcirculatory occlusion.
₁ receptor-kev kho mob myocardial regulatory txoj kev: qhib ₁ receptors ob peb rau Gs proteins, stimulating adenylyl cyclase, nce myocardial cAMP theem thiab activating protein kinase A. Qhov no qhib L- hom calcium channels ntawm cardiomyocyte membranes, txhim kho calcium influx; Nws kuj tseem ua kom lub cev tsis muaj zog thiab atrioventricular conduction los tsim cov inotropy zoo me me. Txoj kev ncaj qha cuam tshuam yog me me thiab qee qhov cuam tshuam los ntawm vagal baroreflex tshwm sim los ntawm kev nce ntshav siab, yog li kev mob plawv ntau dhau tsis tshwm sim.
Txoj kev synthesis ntawmnorepinephrine tartrateFeem ntau suav nrog cov kauj ruam hauv qab no: kev npaj cov khoom pib, kev sib txuas ntawm cov nruab nrab tseem ceeb, kev sib txuas ntawm norepinephrine, thiab kev npaj ntawm tartrate. Txhua kauj ruam yuav tsum muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb thiab kev tswj xyuas tus mob kom ntseeg tau tias qhov purity thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom kawg.
1. Kev npaj cov khoom pib
Cov khoom siv pib feem ntau suav nrog chloroacetyl catechol, ethanol, ammonia ethanol tov, ammonia dej, sodium bisulfite, thiab lwm yam. Cov purity thiab zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raw muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau cov theem tom ntej synthesis thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom kawg.
Kev npaj ntawm chloroacetyl catechol (tsis yog ib kauj ruam ncaj qha hauv txoj kev sib txuas no, tab sis cov khoom siv tseem ceeb): Cov kauj ruam no feem ntau tau txais los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv esterification ntawm catechol nrog chloroacetyl chloride.
Cov kev sib npaug tshuaj yog: C6H6(OH)2+ClCH2COCl → C6H6(OH)CH2COCl+HCl.
2. Synthesis of Key Intermediates
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ammonification
Sib tov chloroacetyl catechol, ethanol, thiab ammonia ethanol tov kom tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv amination nyob rau hauv qhov tsim nyog qhov kub thiab txias. Ammoniation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib qho ntawm cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas ntawm norepinephrine, uas tuaj yeem hloov chloroacetyl catechol rau hauv cov khoom sib txuas amine.
C6H6(OH)CH2COCl+NH3 → C6H6(OH)CH2CONH2+HCl.
Catalytic hydrogenation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv
Ntxiv amine intermediates rau cov tshuaj tov uas muaj hydrochloric acid thiab ethanol rau catalytic hydrogenation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Los ntawm kev ntxiv cov catalysts (xws li palladium carbon) thiab hydrogen gas, pawg carbonyl hauv amine intermediates tuaj yeem txo qis rau hydroxyl pawg, uas ua rau qhov tseem ceeb nruab nrab ntawm norepinephrine.
C6H6(OH)CH2CONH2+H2 → C8H11NO3+H2O.
Synthesis ntawm norepinephrine
Tom qab tau txais qhov tseem ceeb nruab nrab, nws yuav tsum tau hloov dua siab tshiab rau synthesize norepinephrine. Cov kauj ruam no feem ntau suav nrog qee cov tshuaj lom neeg nyuaj thiab kev sib cais thiab kev ua kom huv. Cov txheej txheem synthesis tshwj xeeb yuav txawv nyob ntawm qhov kev sim thiab cov khoom siv raw. Tab sis zuag qhia tag nrho, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov kauj ruam no yog los hloov cov intermediates tseem ceeb rau hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg norepinephrine molecules.
Synthesis ntawm norepinephrine
Tom qab tau txais qhov tseem ceeb nruab nrab, nws yuav tsum tau hloov dua siab tshiab rau synthesize norepinephrine. Cov kauj ruam no feem ntau suav nrog qee cov tshuaj lom neeg nyuaj thiab kev sib cais thiab kev ua kom huv. Cov txheej txheem synthesis tshwj xeeb yuav txawv nyob ntawm qhov kev sim thiab cov khoom siv raw. Tab sis zuag qhia tag nrho, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov kauj ruam no yog los hloov cov intermediates tseem ceeb rau hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg norepinephrine molecules.
Kev npaj ntawm tartrate
Cov kauj ruam kawg yog ua kom muaj ntsev cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm norepinephrine thiab tartaric acid kom tau txais cov khoom. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov kauj ruam no feem ntau yog me me thiab tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev sib xyaw yooj yim thiab nplawm.
C8H11NO3+C4H6O6 → C8H11NO3 · C4H6O6
3. Synthesizing Norepinephrine Target
Kev npaj ntawm epinephrine: Ua ntej, Epinephrine yuav tsum tau npaj. Cov txheej txheem synthesis tshwj xeeb koom nrog ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, suav nrog cov tshuaj carbonyl txo cov tshuaj phenylacetaldehyde, acyl chloride, condensation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom kawg tau txais yog Epinephrine.
C8H8O+H2 → C9H13TSIS MUAJ3
Esterification ntawm tartrate: Esterification cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tartaric acid thiab Epinephrine los tsim tartrate ester. Cov kauj ruam no feem ntau yog tswj hwm ntau yam xwm txheej xws li ib puag ncig qhov kub thiab txias sijhawm.
C4H6O6+C9H13TSIS MUAJ3 → C12H17TSIS MUAJ9-ester
Lon pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: Lub generated tartrate ester yog raug rau ion pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov coj alkali hlau ntsev kom tau cov khoom.
C12H17TSIS MUAJ9-ester + alkali hlau ntsev → C12H17TSIS MUAJ9
Txoj kev loj hlob zeem muag ntawm qhov sib txuas no feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam xws li nws daim ntawv thov hauv kev kho mob, kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam, kev nce qib thev naus laus zis, thiab kev sib tw hauv kev lag luam.
Siv dav hauv kev kho mob
Cov tshuaj no, raws li ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntxhov siab hormone thiab neurotransmitter, muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv kev kho mob. Nws yog tsuas yog siv los kho cov xwm txheej kub ntxhov xws li hypotension thiab poob siab, los ntawm kev ua kom cov hlab ntsha tsis kam thiab nce ntshav siab kom tswj tau cov cim tseem ceeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog kev tshawb fawb tob zuj zus, nws cov txiaj ntsig kho mob hauv cov kab mob neurometabolic, kab mob plawv, thiab lwm qhov chaw tau maj mam tau txais kev mloog.
Kev lag luam kev xav tau nce ntxiv
Nrog rau kev siv zog ntawm cov pej xeem thoob ntiaj teb kev laus thiab kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov kab mob ntev, qhov kev thov rau cov tshuaj thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev kuj tseem nce ntxiv. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev kho mob xwm txheej ceev, nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm kev siv tshuab xwm txheej ceev thiab kev hloov kho cov khoom siv thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, nws qhov kev thov kev lag luam yuav nthuav dav ntxiv.
Technological kev vam meej tsav kev loj hlob
Kev tsim kho tshiab: Los ntawm kev txhim kho nanotechnology thiab kev txhawb nqa -tso tawm tshuab, lub hom phiaj yog kom ncua sij hawm ntawm kev siv tshuaj, txo qhov zaus ntawm kev tswj hwm, thiab txhim kho cov neeg mob kev nplij siab thiab ua raws.
Cov tshuaj Precision: Nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm genomics thiab cov tshuaj kho tus kheej, tshawb xyuas cov tshuaj kho kom haum raws li tus neeg mob caj ces tus yam ntxwv txhawm rau txhim kho kev kho mob kom zoo thiab txo qis kev phiv.
FAQ
1. Noradrenaline tartrate siv rau dab tsi?
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Norepinephrine yog ib qho sympathomimetic siv los tswj cov ntshav siab thaum lub sij hawm ntau lub xeev hypotensive thiab raws li kev kho mob ntxiv thaum lub plawv nres.
2. Qhov txawv ntawm noradrenaline thiab norepinephrine yog dab tsi?
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Thawj zaug pom nyob rau hauv 1940s los ntawm Swedish physiologist Ulf von Euler, norepinephrine, tseem hu ua noradrenaline, yog ib tug neurotransmitter ntawm lub hlwb uas plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm arousal, mloog, kev txawj ntse muaj nuj nqi, thiab kev ntxhov siab.
3. Yuav ua li cas thaum koj tsis muaj norepinephrine?
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Kev tawg ntawm norepinephrine tuaj yeem ua rau euphoria (zoo siab heev) txoj kev xav tab sis kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog kev tawm tsam, ntshav siab, thiab ua siab ntev. Cov qib qis tuaj yeem ua rau qaug zog (tsis muaj zog), tsis muaj kev xav, tsis pom kev tsis txaus ntseeg siab (ADHD), thiab tej zaum muaj kev nyuaj siab.
Cim npe nrov: Norepinephrine tartrate cas 3414-63-9, lwm tus neeg, manufacturers, hoobkas, lag luam wholesale, yuav, nqe, tej, kev muag khoom