Scopolamine(Hyoscine)(txuas:https://www.bloomtechz.com/synthetic-chemical/api-researching-only/hyoscine-powder-cas-138-12-5.html), tseem hu ua scopolamine, yog ib qho alkaloid compound uas belongs rau pawg tropine alkaloids. Cov mis mos molecular yog C17H21TSIS MUAJ4, CAS 51-34-3, thiab qhov hnyav molecular yog 303.35 g / mol. Nws cov qauv muaj cov pab pawg xws li benzene nplhaib, cyclohexene nplhaib thiab octadienyl. Nws yog qhov ruaj khov nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab tsis muaj zog acidic tej yam kev mob, tab sis nws yuav decompose nyob rau hauv alkaline tej yam kev mob. Yog li, pH tswj yog ib qho tseem ceeb thaum npaj, khaws cia thiab siv Scopolamine. Ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem tshwm sim, suav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xws li esterification, hydrolysis, oxidation, thiab hydrogenation. Nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam sib txuas los tsim cov derivatives sib txawv.
1. Alkaline synthesis txoj kev ntawm Belladonna:
Txoj kev siv Belladonna (belladonna) ua cov khoom pib los ua ke Scopolamine los ntawm ntau cov kauj ruam. Ua ntej, Scopolamine hauv Belladonna tau muab rho tawm ib nrab, thiab tom qab ntawd Scopolamine maj mam ua ke los ntawm kev hloov kho acid-base, esterification, hydrogenation thiab lwm yam.
Nov yog cov kauj ruam dav dav:
1.1. Extraction ntawm Scopolamine los ntawm Belladonna:
Ua ntej, cov nplooj thiab stems ntawm cov nroj tsuag Belladonna yog crushed thiab ua tiav, thiab ces soaked thiab muab rho tawm siv ib tug tsim nyog hnyav (xws li ethyl acetate, methanol, thiab lwm yam) kom tau ib tug extract uas muaj Scopolamine.
1.2. Alkalinization kho:
Cov extract yog basified, feem ntau nrog ib tug sodium hydroxide (NaOH) los yog potassium hydroxide (KOH) alkaline tov. Qhov no hloov Scopolamine rau nws daim ntawv ntsev (xws li Scopolamine hydroxypyruvate).
1.3. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Esterification:
Cov alkaline-conditioned extract yog reacted nrog ib tug haum acylating neeg sawv cev, xws li acetic anhydride (Ac2O) los yog acetic anhydride (AcOEt), los tsim cov khoom esterification ntawm Scopolamine. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no feem ntau yog ua raws li qhov mob me.
1.4. Hydrogenation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Cov khoom esterification yog raug rau hydrotreatment, siv ib tug tsim nyog txo tus neeg sawv cev xws li hydrogen thiab ib tug catalyst xws li platinum los yog palladium los ua ib tug catalytic hydrogenation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom txo tau cov ester qauv thiab tsim Scopolamine.
1.5. Crystallization thiab purification:
Purify cov khoom uas xav tau Scopolamine los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib tov los ntawm crystallization los yog lwm txoj kev purification.
2. Synthetic txoj kev ntawm scopolamine txoj kev:
Txoj kev siv scopolamine ua cov khoom pib, thiab maj mam sib txuas Scopolamine los ntawm esterification, acidification, ester hydrolysis thiab lwm yam kev cuam tshuam. Ntawm lawv, cov kauj ruam esterification feem ntau yog siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm oxalic acid ester thiab scopolamine los tsim oxalyl scopolamine, thiab tom qab ntawd tau txais Scopolamine los ntawm acidification thiab ester hydrolysis.
2.1. Pib npaj cov khoom:
Hauv txoj kev scopolamine, cov khoom pib yog scopolamine (tropic acid). Scopolamine tuaj yeem muab rho tawm los ntawm qee cov nroj tsuag, lossis nws tuaj yeem npaj los ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg.
2.2. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Esterification:
Ua ntej, scopolamine reacted nrog ib qho cawv uas tsim nyog los tsim cov khoom scopolamine. Feem ntau siv cawv muaj xws li methanol, ethanol, thiab lwm yam. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv esterification feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov kua qaub, thiab feem ntau siv cov kua qaub catalysts suav nrog sulfuric acid thiab ferrous chloride.
Piv txwv ntawm kev sib npaug sib npaug:
C17H21TSIS MUAJ4+ CH4O → methyl scopolamine + H2O
2.3. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acidification:
Cov khoom esterified yog acidified los hloov nws mus rau cov kua qaub sib xws. Feem ntau siv cov tshuaj acidifying muaj xws li sulfuric acid thiab ferrous chloride.
Piv txwv ntawm kev sib npaug sib npaug:
Methyl scopolamine + acid → C17H21TSIS MUAJ4+ CH4O
2.4. Ester hydrolysis:
Cov esters yog hydrolyzed rau cov kua qaub thiab cawv los ntawm acid lossis base catalysis. Nyob rau hauv cov synthesis ntawm Scopolamine, cov kauj ruam no tso cai rau scopolamine react dua nrog cov cawv tsim nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam dhau los rau synthesize Scopolamine.
Piv txwv ntawm kev sib npaug sib npaug:
Methyl scopolamine + acid / puag → C17H21TSIS + C5H12S (rau kev rov ua dua tshiab)
3. Synthetic route of tropic alkaloid conversion method:
Txoj kev siv lwm cov tropic alkaloids (xws li atropine thiab atorvastatin) ua cov ntaub ntawv pib, thiab maj mam synthesizes Scopolamine los ntawm cov kauj ruam xws li esterification, acid-base adjustment, oxidation, thiab acidification. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm txoj kev no yog tias cov qauv tropic alkaloid uas twb muaj lawm tuaj yeem siv rau kev sib txuas los ntawm cov nruab nrab thiab cov synthesis efficiency tuaj yeem txhim kho.
3.1. Pib npaj cov khoom:
Hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm tropic alkaloids, cov khoom pib feem ntau yog cov muaj feem xyuam nrog alkaloid, xws li L-hyoscyamine (levoisopropylscopolamine) lossis atropine (atropine). Cov alkaloids no tuaj yeem muab rho tawm los ntawm cov nroj tsuag lossis npaj los ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg.
3.2. Hydrogenation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Ua ntej, cov khoom pib yog raug rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrogenation, thiab nws tau hloov mus rau hauv qhov sib txawv tropium alkaloids los ntawm kev txo qis hydrogenation. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrogenation feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov catalyst, thiab cov catalysts muaj xws li platinum lossis palladium thiab lwm yam.
Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrogenation:
C17H23TSIS MUAJ3 + H2 → C17H21TSIS MUAJ4
3.3. Cov qauv kev hloov pauv teb:
Cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrogenation tau hloov pauv ntxiv los ntawm cov qauv hloov pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom tawm los ntawm cov khoom lag luam Scopolamine. Cov qauv kev hloov pauv feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub-catalyzed lossis lub hauv paus-catalyzed cyclizations, rov kho dua tshiab, lossis lwm yam kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb.
Piv txwv ntawm qhov kev hloov ntawm cov qauv teb:
a) Acid-catalyzed cyclization:
C17H23TSIS MUAJ3→ Hyoscyamine ketone → C17H21TSIS MUAJ4
b) Base-catalyzed rearrangement cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
C17H23TSIS MUAJ3 → C17H21TSIS MUAJ2 → C17H21TSIS MUAJ4
4. Hydrogenation hluavtaws txoj kev:
Txoj kev siv cyclohexene thiol nrog tertiary amino pawg ua cov khoom pib, thiab maj mam ua ke Scopolamine los ntawm cov kauj ruam xws li hydrogenation, acid-base adjustment, thiab esterification. Tus yuam sij rau txoj kev no yog hloov cyclohexene thiol rau hauv cyclohexenamine los ntawm hydrogenation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab ces tsim Scopolamine los ntawm esterification cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
4.1. Pib npaj cov khoom:
Hauv hydrogenation, cov khoom pib feem ntau yog alkaloid nrog cov qauv zoo sib xws, xws li L-hyoscyamine (Levoisopropylscopolamine) lossis atropine (Atropine). Cov khoom pib no tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev rho tawm cov nroj tsuag los yog tshuaj synthesis.
4.2. Hydrogenation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrogenation yog cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev hydrogenation. Nws hloov cov khoom pib mus rau lub hom phiaj khoom Scopolamine los ntawm hydroreduction. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrogenation xav tau cov catalyst tsim nyog thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrogenation:
a) Hydrogenation ntawm L-hyoscyamine:
C17H23TSIS MUAJ3 + H2 → C17H21TSIS MUAJ4
b) Hydrogenation ntawm Atropine:
C17H23TSIS MUAJ3 + H2 → C17H21TSIS MUAJ4
4.3. Kev sib cais thiab purification:
Tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrogenation tiav, cov khoom feem ntau yog tam sim no nrog rau lwm cov reactants thiab by-products. Yog li ntawd, kev cais tawm thiab kev ua kom huv yuav tsum tau ua kom tau txais Scopolamine siab purity. Feem ntau siv cov txheej txheem sib cais muaj xws li crystallization, hnyav extraction, chromatography, thiab lwm yam.
5. Photochemical synthesis txoj kev:
Txoj kev no siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv photochemical los ua ke Scopolamine. Feem ntau, ib qho kev sib xyaw nrog ob daim ntawv cog lus yog siv los ua cov khoom pib, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv photochemical tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub teeb, thiab Scopolamine tau maj mam ua ke los ntawm kev sib cais thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke. Txoj kev no tsim nyog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb thiab cov xwm txheej.
5.1. Txheej txheem cej luam:
Photochemical txoj kev yog ib txoj kev uas siv lub teeb lub zog los txhawb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov kev hloov hauv hluav taws xob hauv cov molecules zoo siab los ntawm lub teeb, thiab cov reactants hauv cov xeev zoo siab tau tsim los koom nrog hauv cov tshuaj hloov pauv. Rau qhov kev sib txuas ntawm photochemical ntawm Scopolamine, excitation nyob rau hauv lub ultraviolet thiab pom cheeb tsam yog feem ntau koom nrog.
5.2. Kev npaj cov khoom pib:
Hauv cov txheej txheem photochemical, cov khoom pib tuaj yeem yog alkaloids nrog cov qauv zoo sib xws, xws li L-hyoscyamine (Levoisopropylscopolamine) lossis atropine (Atropine). Cov khoom pib no tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev rho tawm cov nroj tsuag los yog tshuaj synthesis.
5.3. Photochemical cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Photochemical cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb ntawm photochemical synthesis ntawm Scopolamine. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yuav tsum muaj qhov tsim nyog lub teeb thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv photochemical:
a) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv photochemical ntawm L-hyoscyamine:
C17H23TSIS MUAJ3+ hwv → C17H21TSIS MUAJ4
b) Photochemical cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm Atropine:
C17H23TSIS MUAJ3+ hwv → C17H21TSIS MUAJ4
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias hv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob saum toj no sawv cev rau lub teeb lub zog, vim hais tias cov excitation txheej txheem ntawm photochemical cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau yog sawv cev los ntawm photon zog.
5.4. Kev sib cais thiab purification:
Tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv photochemical tiav, cov khoom feem ntau tshwm sim nrog rau lwm cov reactants thiab cov khoom los ntawm cov khoom. Yog li ntawd, kev sib cais tsim nyog thiab kev ua kom huv huv yuav tsum tau txais Scopolamine hauv siab purity. Feem ntau siv cov txheej txheem sib cais muaj xws li crystallization, hnyav extraction, chromatography, thiab lwm yam.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov txheej txheem hluavtaws saum toj no yog raws li cov ntaub ntawv paub thiab kev tshawb fawb, thiab cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb thiab cov ntsiab lus sim raug tshem tawm. Synthesis ntawm Scopolamine yog ib tug complex txheej txheem uas muaj cov synthesis ntawm ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab intermediates. Yog tias koj xav paub ntau ntxiv txog cov txheej txheem hluavtaws ntawm Scopolamine, thov xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb ntsig txog lossis nrog tus kws tshaj lij kws tshuaj.