Quinine(txuas:https://www.bloomtechz.com/synthetic-chemical/api-researching-only/pure-quinine-powder-cas-130-95-0.html) raws li cov muaju dawb uas tsis muaj xim lossis daj. Cov mis mos molecular C20H24N2O2, CAS 130-95-0. Nws crystals yog columnar los yog koob zoo li. Solubility hauv dej yog tsawg, txog 0.16 g / 100 mL (20 degree). Tab sis nws dissolves zoo dua nyob rau hauv acidic tej yam kev mob. Soluble nyob rau hauv ntau cov organic solvents xws li cawv, ethers, ketones thiab esters. Nws yog optically active thiab belongs rau chiral molecules. Nws qhov kev sib hloov kho qhov muag yog [ ]_D^25=+219 degree (concentration: 1 g / 100 mL methanol). Kev ua haujlwm kho qhov muag yog vim qhov chaw chiral ntawm Quinine molecule. Cov qauv siv lead ua tuaj yeem daws tau los ntawm X-ray diffraction txheej txheem. Nws belongs rau monoclinic siv lead ua system, thiab chav tsev cell tsis muaj peev xwm muab tau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem xyuam. Tus nqi pKa (acidity tas li) yog kwv yees li 8.4, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov pH no nws tshwm sim raws li tus nqi zoo ion. Nws yog fluorescent compound nrog luminous zog. Quinine kua qhia pom xiav fluorescence nyob rau hauv ultraviolet (UV) excitation. Cov cuab yeej no ua rau lawv siv dav hauv kev sojntsuam fluorescent thiab fluorescent dyes hauv ntau daim ntawv thov.
Quinine yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke nrog ntau yam kev siv.
1. Kho malaria:
Quinine yog ib qho ntawm cov laus tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau siv los kho malaria. Nws muaj cov nyhuv antimalarial thiab feem ntau kho malaria los ntawm inhibiting kev loj hlob thiab rov ua dua ntawm cov kab mob Plasmodium. Quinine feem ntau yog siv los kho cov mob malaria mob hnyav thiab kuj tseem siv tau los kho cov mob malaria thiab malaria uas tau dhau los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob malaria.
2. Antipyretic thiab analgesic:
Ntxiv nrog rau kev kho mob malaria, Quinine kuj tseem siv los ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob. Nws txo qhov kub taub hau thiab tsis xis nyob los ntawm kev kis kab mob, o, lossis ua npaws. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias Quinine tsis yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob niaj hnub xaiv vim tias nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phiv loj heev.
3. Antiarrhythmic:
Quinine kuj tseem siv los kho arrhythmias, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog mob arrhythmias xws li adenosine vagal tachycardia (PSVT). Nws ua rau qeeb arrhythmias thiab kho lub plawv dhia ib txwm los ntawm inhibiting sodium thiab potassium raws hauv lub plawv hlwb.
4. Kev kho cov leeg nqaij spasm:
Quinine kuj tseem siv rau kev kho mob raws li kev kho mob rau cov leeg nqaij. Nws txo qhov mob thiab tsis xis nyob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub caij txias nrog malaria.
5. Sedatives:
Quinine tau siv los ua sedative hauv qee kis yav dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no siv tsawg dua vim nws cov kev mob tshwm sim thiab muaj peev xwm toxicity, xws li tinnitus, qhov muag tsis pom kev, thiab plawv arrhythmias.
6. Lub siab:
Vim nws iab saj, Quinine yog siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev iab hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj. Nws tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau qee cov tshuaj thiab cov khoom noj qab haus huv los txhim kho saj thiab ua kom cov neeg siv khoom ua raws.
7. Khoom noj khoom haus thiab dej haus additives:
Quinine kuj tseem siv los ua zaub mov thiab dej haus ntxiv, feem ntau hauv cov dej qab zib xws li dej tonic thiab iab khoom noj xws li iab chocolate. Thaum siv nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, nws muaj peev xwm impart ib tug tshwj xeeb saj thiab tsw rau zaub mov thiab dej haus.
8. Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Ruaj Ntseg:
Vim nws cov qauv tshuaj thiab cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb, Quinine tau siv dav hauv kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb, tshwj xeeb hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tshuaj thiab kev tshawb fawb tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, Quinine kuj tseem siv los ua cov tshuaj reagent hauv kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev tshawb nrhiav.
Quinine Sulfate Dihydrate muaj keeb kwm ntev ntawm kev loj hlob raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.
1. Daim ntawv thov thaum ntxov:
Quinine tau pom thawj zaug los ntawm Spanish hauv xyoo pua 17th thiab muab rho tawm los ntawm tsob ntoo Cinchona hauv Peru. Cov neeg Mev pom tias cov tawv ntoo thiab cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo cinchona tuaj yeem siv los kho Zika malaria. Qhov kev tshawb pom no ua rau muaj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv ntawm cov khoom.
2. Discovery thiab extraction:
Quinine tau mob siab kawm nyob rau hauv lig 18th thiab thaum ntxov 19th centuries. Fabkis chemists Pelletier thiab Caventou yog thawj tus ua tiav extract quinine ntshiab los ntawm tsob ntoo cinchona. Qhov kev tshawb pom no tseem ceeb heev rau kev daws cov teeb meem ntawm tus kab mob malaria, thiab Quinine yog li dhau los ua lub ntiaj teb thawj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob malaria.
3. Kev siv thiab cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob:
Kev tshawb pom thiab kev siv ntawm Quinine yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kho tus mob malaria. Quinine yog siv dav hauv kev kho mob malaria thoob ntiaj teb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tiv thaiv kab mob malaria pathogen Plasmodium falciparum. Nws tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov cheeb tsam malaria-cov kab mob sib kis, cawm ntau lab tus tib neeg lub neej thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev loj hlob ntawm thaj chaw.
4. Synthesis thiab txhim kho:
Nrog rau kev kawm tob ntawm Quinine, tib neeg pib sim ua kom cov khoom sib txuas. Xyoo 1944, American chemist Woodward synthesized Quinine thawj zaug. Qhov tseem ceeb no tau coj mus rau lub sijhawm tshiab hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua rau muaj kev txhim kho ntau ntxiv.
5. Tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tshiab:
Sij hawm dhau mus, cov kab mob malaria tau tsim kev tiv thaiv rau quinine, txwv nws daim ntawv thov. Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, xws li chloroquine thiab artemisinin. Cov tshuaj no tau hloov pauv, tab sis Quinine tseem siv los ua thawj kab kev kho mob hauv qee kis.
6. Lwm qhov chaw thov:
Ntxiv nrog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob malarial, Quinine kuj tseem siv rau lwm qhov chaw. Piv txwv li, nws yog siv los ua cov leeg nqaij so, antipyretic, thiab cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv fluorescent probes thiab bioimaging.
Feem ntau, keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm Quinine embodies lub unremitting kev rau siab thiab innovation ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv kev kho mob malaria. Txawm hais tias muaj kev sib tw xws li tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev siv ntawm Quinine tau qhib txoj hauv kev rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los daws cov teeb meem malaria thoob ntiaj teb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Quinine txoj kev tshawb fawb kuj tseem muab qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab lub hauv paus rau thaj chaw ntawm cov tshuaj synthesis thiab bioimaging.