Sodium carbonateyog cov hmoov dawb tsis muaj ntxhiab los yog cov khoom hauv qab qhov kub thiab txias. Nws muaj dej nqus thiab maj mam nqus 1mol / l dej (kwv yees li =15 feem pua) hauv cov pa tawm. Nws cov dej muaj xws li Na2CO3 · H2O, Na2CO3 · 7H2O thiab Na2CO3 · 10h2o. Sodium carbonate yog yooj yim soluble hauv dej thiab glycerol. Ntawm 20 degree, 20g ntawm sodium carbonate tuaj yeem yaj hauv txhua 100g dej, thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws solubility yog 35.4 degree. 49.7g ntawm sodium carbonate tuaj yeem yaj hauv 100g dej, uas yog me ntsis soluble hauv ethanol kiag li tab sis tsis tshua muaj soluble hauv propanol.
Nws cov khoom chemical yog raws li nram no:
Cov tshuaj aqueous ntawm sodium carbonate yog alkaline thiab corrosive rau qee yam. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov kua qaub thiab qee cov calcium thiab barium ntsev. Cov tshuaj yog alkaline thiab tuaj yeem tig phenolphthalein liab.
(1) Stability - ruaj khov, tab sis nws kuj tuaj yeem decompose nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias los tsim sodium oxide thiab carbon dioxide:
Lub sij hawm ntev raug rau huab cua tuaj yeem nqus dej noo thiab carbon dioxide hauv huab cua, tsim sodium bicarbonate thiab tsim cov blocks nyuaj:
Lub crystalline hydrate ntawm sodium carbonate (Na2CO3 · 10h2o) yog yooj yim weathered nyob rau hauv qhuav huab cua:
(2) Thermodynamic muaj nuj nqi - thermodynamic muaj nuj nqi ntawm (298.15K, 100k):
Status: solid state
Txheem molar tsim enthalpy: -1130.8 kJ · mol -1
Txheem molar Gibbs dawb lub zog ntawm kev tsim: -1048.1 kJ · mol-1
Standard entropy: 138.8 J · mol-1 · K-1
(3) Hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - raws li sodium carbonate yog hydrolyzed nyob rau hauv aqueous tov, cov ionized carbonate ions tau ua ke nrog hydrogen ions nyob rau hauv dej los tsim bicarbonate ions, uas ua rau txo cov hydrogen ions nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab cov ionized hydroxide ions ntxiv, yog li qhov pH ntawm cov tshuaj yog alkaline.
Vim tias carbonate tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov protons (xws li hydrogen ions) hauv dej los tsim bicarbonate thiab carbonic acid, thiab tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov protons hauv cov kua qaub kom tso carbon dioxide. Yog li ntawd, sodium carbonate belongs rau Bronsted puag nyob rau hauv acid-base proton txoj kev xav.
(4) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acid - Siv hydrochloric acid ua piv txwv. Thaum hydrochloric acid txaus, sodium chloride thiab carbonic acid yog tsim, thiab cov tsis ruaj tsis khov carbonic acid yog tam sim ntawd decomposed rau carbon dioxide thiab dej. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem siv los npaj cov pa roj carbon dioxide:
General chemical equation yog:
Thaum hydrochloric acid me me, cov tshuaj hauv qab no tshwm sim:
Sodium carbonate tuaj yeem cuam tshuam zoo ib yam nrog lwm hom acids.
(5) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog alkali - sodium carbonate tuaj yeem ua rau ob qho kev sib xyaw ua ke nrog alkali xws li calcium hydroxide thiab barium hydroxide los ua kom nag lossis daus thiab sodium hydroxide. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no feem ntau siv hauv kev lag luam los npaj cov dej qab zib caustic (feem ntau hu ua causticization):
(6) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ntsev
Sodium carbonate tuaj yeem dhau los ua ob qhov kev cuam tshuam nrog calcium ntsev thiab barium ntsev kom tsim los nag thiab ntsev tshiab:
Raws li sodium carbonate yog hydrolyzed hauv dej los tsim sodium hydroxide thiab carbonic acid, nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog qee cov ntsev yuav thawb cov tshuaj sib npaug kom txav mus rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia zoo los tsim cov alkali thiab carbon dioxide:
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws muaj ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg, uas kuj txiav txim siab ntau yam ntawm nws cov kev siv. Sodium carbonate yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv raw khoom. Nws yog dav siv hauv kev lag luam teeb, kev lag luam tshuaj txhua hnub, cov khoom siv hauv tsev, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, kev lag luam khoom noj, metallurgy, textile, roj av, kev tiv thaiv hauv tebchaws, tshuaj thiab lwm yam haujlwm. Nws kuj yog siv los ua raw khoom, tus neeg saib xyuas tu thiab tshuaj ntxuav tes rau kev tsim lwm yam tshuaj, nrog rau kev yees duab thiab tshuaj xyuas. Ua raws li metallurgy, textile, roj av, lub teb chaws tiv thaiv, tshuaj thiab lwm yam lag luam. Kev lag luam iav yog cov neeg siv khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm dej qab zib tshauv, nrog 0.2T ntawm dej qab zib tshauv noj ib tuj iav. Nws yog tsuas yog siv rau ntab iav, kinescope iav plhaub, iav kho qhov muag, thiab lwm yam. Ntawm cov khoom siv dej qab zib tshauv, lub teeb kev lag luam, cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab kev lag luam chemical suav txog li 2/3, ua raws li metallurgy, textile, roj av, lub teb chaws tiv thaiv, tshuaj. thiab lwm yam lag luam .. Siv hauv kev lag luam chemical, metallurgy, thiab lwm yam. Kev siv cov hmoov tshauv hnyav hnyav tuaj yeem txo qhov ya ntawm alkali plua plav, txo cov khoom siv raw, txhim kho kev ua haujlwm, txhim kho cov khoom zoo, txo qhov yaig ntawm alkali. hmoov ntawm refractories, thiab ncua lub neej kev pab cuam ntawm kilns. Raws li ib qho tsis, nruab nrab thiab lub khob noom cookie txhim kho, nws tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov khoom qab zib thiab hmoov nplej, thiab tuaj yeem siv rau qhov tsim nyog raws li kev xav tau ntau lawm.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sodium carbonate kuj yog ntau heev, feem ntau yog xa mus rau kev tsim cov dej qab zib ua txoj kev los ntawm ntuj alkali: ① thaum ntxov li 1849, cov pioneers pom sodium bicarbonate hauv dej qab zib hauv Wyoming, Tebchaws Asmeskas, thiab siv nws rau kev ntxuav thiab muag muag. . Xyoo 1905, thawj zaug kev tsim cov dej qab zib tshauv tau ua los ntawm kev siv cov dej qab zib ntuj ntawm Lake Sears, California. Xyoo 1938, thaum US Intermountain roj muab lub tuam txhab tshawb nrhiav roj thiab roj hauv Green River Basin, Wyoming, nws nrhiav pom lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws alkali deposit nplua nuj nyob rau hauv sodium carbonate. Xyoo 1976, cov dej qab zib tshauv tsim los ntawm ntuj alkali hauv Tebchaws Meskas suav txog 70 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov zis, thiab xyoo 1982 nws suav txog 94 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov zis, nrog rau txhua xyoo muaj peev xwm ntawm 9.5mt. ② Txij li thaum xyoo 1960, Soviet Union tau ua tiav alumina nrog nepheline (natural alkali pob zeb uas muaj sodium, potassium, aluminium thiab silicon oxides) thiab ib txhij tsim cov dej qab zib tshauv, potash thiab cement, ua kom muaj kev lag luam, kom cov khoom siv nepheline tuaj yeem siv tau yam tsis muaj pov tseg. Los ntawm 1975, tsib nepheline ua cov nroj tsuag tau tsim.